Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities

1. Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities CPI Biology Holliston HS

2. 4-1 The Role of ClimateWhat is Climate? • _____________: day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere at any particular time and place • ____________________: average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region; depends on • Heat trapped by atmosphere • Latitude • Heat transport wind & ocean current • Amount of precipitation • Shape & elevation of land

3. The Greenhouse Effect • _________________________: serves as natural insulating blanket that maintains a suitable range of temperature on Earth • _________________________: CO2, methane, water vapor, and other gases that trap the heat energy of sunlight inside Earth’s atmosphere and maintain Earth’s temperature range  this is called the… _________________________!

4. Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s surface

5. The Effect of Latitude on Climate __________________________:tilted direction causes solar radiation to hit different latitudes of Earth at diff. angles  this results in… 3 MAIN CLIMATE ZONES • _______________ zones: cold areas, sun’s rays strike Earth at very low angles (N & S poles are 66.5°-90°) • ______________________ zones: sit between polar zones and tropics, climate ranges from hot to cold depending on season • ______________________ zone: near the equator receiving direct sunlight year round, almost always warm (23.5°N-23.5°S)

6. The Effect of Latitude on Climate Different Latitudes 90°N North Pole Sunlight 66.5°N Arctic circle Sunlight Tropic of Cancer 23.5°N Most direct sunlight Equator 0° Greenhouse gases trap some heat Tropic of Capricorn 23.5°S Sunlight Atmosphere Arctic circle 66.5°S Sunlight 90°S South Pole

7. Heat Transport in the Biosphere What forms _____________________? • Warm air ______________, cool air _____________  movements create air currents that move heat throughout atmosphere  brings warm or cold air to a region What forms _____________________________? • Cold water sinks near poles, rises in warm regions (upwelling) and wind moves surface water  both create ocean currents that transports heat

8. 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?Biotic and Abiotic Factors • ________________________ FACTORS: biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem; entire living cast of characters with which an organism might interact • ________________________ FACTORS: physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems (temp, precipitation, humidity, wind, nutrients, soil type, sunlight) • __________________: area where an organism lives: both factors determine the survival, growth and productivity of the organism

9. BIOTIC FACTORS: _______________________ ABIOTIC FACTORS: ______________________

10. The Niche • ___________________________: full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way it uses those conditions (occupation) • (ex) what it eats, how it gets food, predators, physical conditions for survival, when/how it reproduces, place in food web, etc. • No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat but different species can occupy similar niches…for example:

11. Three Species of Warblers and Their Niches Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches Spruce tree

12. Community Interactions Interactions between organisms can powerfully affect an ecosystem: • _______________________________: compete for same resource in same place at the same time • _______________________________: predator kills & eats prey • _______________________: when 2 organisms live closely together – 3 different types of relationships: • MUTUALISM: both benefit (ex) flower/pollinator • COMMENSALISM: one benefits, other neither harmed nor helped (ex) barnacles/whales • PARASITISM: one lives in or on another and harms it (ex) fleas, ticks, tapeworm, lice

13. 1)______________ • ___________________________: any necessity of life (water, nutrients, light, food, space) • ____________________________________ PRINCIPLE: no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time In a forest, broad-leaved trees compete for sunlight by growing tall & spreading out their leaves blocking sunlight from shorter trees.

14. 2)_______

15. 3) Symbiosis - ______________

16. Symbiosis - ___________________

17. Symbiosis - ____________

18. Ecological Succession Do ecosystems change? _______!! They are constantly changing in response to natural & human disturbances…this is called: • _______________ SUCCESSION: series of predictable changes that occurs over time in a community • __________________________SUCCESSION: occurs on lands where no soil exists, just ash & rock (ex) volcanic eruptions build new islands • ___________ SPECIES: first species to populate area • _________________________ SUCCESSION: when a disturbance is over and the community interactions tend to restore the ecosystem to its original condition (ex) after wildfires or land is cleared

19. ________________ SUCCESSION

20. __________________ SUCCESSION

21. Succession in a Marine Ecosystem3 Stages in the Succession of a Whale-fall Community • A disturbance caused by a whale sinking to the bottom of the ocean; scavengers and decomposers come • Most of the tissues are eaten; decomposing body enriches surrounding sediments • Skeleton remains are decomposed by bacteria, releasing oils that are used by chemosynthetic bacteria (support diverse community near the bones)

22. SCAVENGERS & DECOMPOSERS: amphipods, hagfishes, sharks

23. Carcass supports fishes, crabs, snails, worms

24. Whalebones encrusted with bacterial mats  chemosynthetic bacteria support mussels, limpets, snails, worms, crabs, clams