Chapter 2: Ecosystems and Communities

1. Essential Questions: EQ: What happens to the energy in an ecosystem when one organisms eats another? EQ: What happens when nutrients are depleted from ecosystems? Chapter 2: Ecosystems and Communities • Georgia Performance Standards: • Determine how organisms depend on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. • Arrange a food chain according to energy flow. • Compare the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid. • Explain the cycles of major nutrients and the need for them

2. KWL Chart: Use the “What I Know” column to list the things you know about ecology. Then list the questions you have about ecology in the “What I Want to Find Out” column. At the end of lecture, use the “What I Learned” column to list the information you have learned about ecology. Prior Knowledge Assessment K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned

3. What living things are found in and around your school? 2. What nonliving things are found in your school? 3. Into what large groups are the students in your school divided? 4. Into what smaller groups are these large groups divided? 5. Are these groups ever divided into even smaller groups? If so, what are these groups? What is ecology An ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment. Within an ecosystem, there are several levels of organization. Your school and its grounds are similar to an ecosystem. Chapter 2: WARM UP

4. Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Section 1: Organisms and Their Relationships Section2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Section 3: Cycling of Matter

5. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Ecology • Scientific discipline in which the relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environments are studied • Ecologists observe, experiment, and model using a variety of tools and methods.

6. Observing Experimenting Modeling All of these methods rely on the application of scientific methods to guide ecological inquiry. What types of ecological Methods do ecologists use to study the living world?

7. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Levels of Organization: How are they related? • Levels increase in complexity as the numbers and interactions between organisms increase. • Organism (species) • population • biological community • ecosystem • biome • biosphere

8. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships • The lowest level of organization is the individual organism itself. • Organisms of a single species that share the same geographic location at the same time make up a population. • A biological community is a group of interacting populations that occupy the same geographic area at the same time.

9. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships • An ecosystem is a biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect it. • A biome is a large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities.

10. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships TheBiosphere • A thin layer around Earth • Extends several kilometers above the Earth’s surface • Extends several kilometers below the ocean’s surface

11. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships The Biosphere

13. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2

14. List the six different levels of organization that ecologists study, in order from smallest to largest. Describe the three basic methods of ecological research. Identify two ways in which you interact with each of the three parts of the biosphere every day: land, water, and air. Suppose you wanted to know if the water in a certain stream is safe to drink. Which ecological method(s) would you choose, and why? Check for Understanding

15. Biotic and Abiotic Factors Niche Community Interactions Ecological Succession What Shapes an Ecosystem?

16. Abiotic factors are nonliving factors Temperature Humidity Precipitation Wind Nutrient availability Soil type Sunlight Biotic factors are living factors Ecological community Ex: bull frog, what is eats, other organisms with which it interacts. Abiotic & Biotic Factors:

17. Together, biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in which the organism lives. Abiotic & Biotic Factors:

18. Principles of Ecology A habitat is an area where an organism lives. A habitat includes biotic and abiotic factors. A nicheis the role or position that an organism has in its environment. The full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. Ex: an organisms place in the food web. Habitat is to address as niche is to occupation Chapter 2 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships

19. Competition, predation, and various forms of symbiosis, can powerfully affect an ecosystem. Community Interactions

20. Occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecologicalresource in the same place at the same time. Direct competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser—with the losing organism failing to survive. Competitive exclusion principle - no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. Competition

21. An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. Ex: Anglerfish on finding Nemo. Predation

22. Any relationship in which two species live closely together Mutualism – both species benefits Ex: bee and flower Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither hurt nor harmed. Barnacles on whale Parasitism – one species benefits and the other is harmed Flea on dog Symbiosis

23. How are the three types of symbiotic relationships different? How are they similar? Checkpoint!!!

24. Complete the KWL Chart (What I’ve Learned Column). Complete Section 2.1 WS packet on Organisms and Their Relationships Homework

25. Energy flows in one direction through an ecosystem, from the sun or inorganic compounds to producers (organisms that can make their own food) through various levels to consumers (organisms that rely on other organisms for food). Your body gets the energy and materials it needs for growth and repair from the foods you eat. Make a list of five foods that you like to eat. Indicate whether the food comes from a plant (producer) or an animal (consumer). Like many birds, chickens eat grains, which are seeds. Where do seeds come from? Meat comes from beef cattle. What do cattle eat? Construct a diagram showing how one of your favorite foods obtains its energy. Include as many levels as you can. 2.2: Flow of Energy in an EcosystemWARM UP

26. Sunlight is the main energy source for life on Earth. Some types of organisms rely on the energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds How does energy flow through the biosphere?

27. Autotrophs = Use energy from the environment to make their own food. (Producers) Ex: plants, some algae and some bacteria. Photosynthesis = Adds oxygen to the environment and remove carbon dioxide. Glucose is also produced. Chemosynthesis = when organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates. Energy Flow Through the Biosphere

28. Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply Heterotrophs (Consumers)

29. Herbivores = eat only plants Carnivores = eat animals Omnivores = eat both plants and animals Detritivores = eat plant and animal remains and other dead matter (detritus) Decomposers = breaks down organic matter Types of Heterotrophs (Consumers):

30. Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various heterotrophs (consumers). Food chains = show one-way flow of energy Food webs = links food chains Trophic levels = steps in food chains or food webs. What happens to the energy in an ecosystem when one organisms eats another?

31. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Food Chains • A food chain is a simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem.

32. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Food Webs • A food web is a model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms.

33. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2

34. Diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms (matter) at each trophic level in an organism in an ecosystem Only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level. Ecological Pyramids

35. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Types of Ecological Pyramids

36. What are the two main forms of energy that power living systems? Briefly describe the flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem What proportion of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem? Check for Understanding:

37. Constructing Ecological Pyramid Models Class Activity

38. Essential Questions: How does matter cycle among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem? What would happen to a living system that was nutrient deficient? How does the availability of nutrients affect the productivity of ecosystems? Georgia Performance Standards: Determine how organisms depend on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. Explain the cycles of major nutrients and the need for them. 2-3 Cycles of Matter:

39. How many times have you had to change your plans because of rain? It probably didn’t help if someone tried to cheer you up by saying, “But we really need the rain.” However, rain is important. If it didn’t rain, how would living things on land get water? When rain falls on the ground, it either soaks into the soil or runs across the surface of the soil. When rainwater runs across the land, what body of water might collect the rain? From here, where might the water flow? After the rain, the sun comes out and the land dries. Where does the water that had been on the land go? Construct a diagram that would illustrate all the places a molecule of water might go. Begin with a raindrop and end with a cloud. It’s Raining, It’s Pouring

40. Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. Biological systems do not use up matter, but transform it. Recycling in the Biosphere:

41. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter The Water Cycle

42. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2

43. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter • Approximately 90 percent of water vapor evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers; 10 percent evaporates from the surface of plants through a process called transpiration. • Freshwater constitutes only about 3 percent of all water on Earth. • About 69 percent of all freshwater is found in ice caps and glaciers.

44. Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions. Like water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biochemical cycles. Video clip Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorus Cycle Nutrient Cycles:

45. Biological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition of plants and animal Geochemical processes, such as the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas to the atmosphere by volcanoes Mixed biogeochemical processes, such as the burial of carbon-rich remains of organisms and their conversion into coal and petroleum (fossil fuels) by the pressure of the overlying earth Human activity, including mining, the burning of fossil fuels, and the cutting and burning of forests. The Carbon Cycle:

46. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2

47. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter • Carbon and oxygen often make up molecules essential for life. • Carbon and oxygen recycle relatively quickly through living organisms.

48. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2

49. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter Long-term Cycle • Organic matter converted to peat, coal, oil, or gas deposits (carbon) • Calcium carbonate (carbon and oxygen) Short-term Cycle • Burning fossil fuels (carbon)

50. All organisms require nitrogen to make amino acids, which in turn are used to build proteins nitrogen fixation A mutualistic relationship between bacteria and the roots of legume plants. The bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia so plants can use it to make proteins The plants provide a habitat for the bacteria Takes nitrogen from atmosphere Denitrification Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas Puts nitrogen into the atmosphere Nitrogen Cycle