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Cultural Geography

Cultural Geography. Human Culture. What is it ??. Culture. Summary of a group of people’s learned way of life Behavioral patterns Understandings Adaptations Social systems Learned and transmitted behavior. Components of Culture. Language Clothes Diet Articles of use - artifacts

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Cultural Geography

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  1. Cultural Geography

  2. Human Culture What is it ??

  3. Culture • Summary of a group of people’s learned way of life • Behavioral patterns • Understandings • Adaptations • Social systems • Learned and transmitted behavior

  4. Components of Culture • Language • Clothes • Diet • Articles of use - artifacts • Customs – patterns of behavior • Interpersonal arrangements, family structure, educational methods • Values and ethics

  5. Identity & Behavioral Geography • Culture groups • Few or many characteristics • Subculture • Races • Humans a single species • Secondary biological characteristics • Modern methods blood types, dna • Ethnic groups • Ethnocentrism

  6. Folk Culture • Cultures that preserve traditions • Characteristics • Conservative, resistant to change, distinctive religions • Urban folk cultures • Immigrant groups • Examples • Diffusion of house types in the US • Amish

  7. Popular Culture • Culture of people who embrace innovation and conform to changing norms • Rapid diffusion • Mass culture • Food, clothing, items that are mass produced • “Mass taste” • Geographic variation of market penetration • Marketing of popular culture

  8. Components of Culture • Cultural Traits • Cultural Complex • Functionally related set of cultural traits • Culture Region • Region of shared cultural characteristics • Cultural Realm • Set of spatially connected cultural regions, uniformity of cultural characteristics

  9. Culture Realms (Regions) • Delineation/ definition of regions • Visual clues • Settlement patterns • Architecture • Clothing • Regionalism

  10. Cultural Subsytems • Ideological • Technological • Sociological

  11. Theories of Cultural Evolution • Theory of human stages • Hunter-gatherers • Pastoral nomadism • Transhumanance • Settled agriculture • Subsistence and commercial agriculture • Historical materialism • Technology and human progressive control of the environment • Conflicts with Malthusianism

  12. Cultures and Environments • Environmental determinism • Human events explained by environment • Cultural ecology • Societies adapt to their environment • Challenge-response theory • Possibilism (what is possible) • Physical environment influences, but does not control, human events

  13. Cultural Hearths • Cultural Hearth • Center of innovation • Cultural innovations exert an influence on surrounding regions • Cradle of Culture • Cultural development and maturity • Development of characteristics of a civilization • Writing, trade, labor specialization, government, science & mathematics

  14. Hearth Regions • Near East • Nile Valley • Indus Valley • East Asia • Europe • West Africa • Andean America • Meso-America

  15. Hearth Region Characteristics 10,000 B.C. to 1000 A.D. • Domestication of animals, cultivation of crops • Development of long distance trade • Pottery, metal working, textiles • Formation of cities • Development of alphabet and writing • System of government

  16. Cultural Change • Innovation • Spatial Diffusion • Relocation Diffusion • People move carrying cultural traits with them • Expansion Diffusion • Ideas spread through trade, advertising, media • Contagious versus Hierarchical Diffusion • Age-Area Principal

  17. Trade & Cultural Diffusion • Stabilizing forces for Culture • Existing Infrastructure • Inertia (time period for change) • Self sufficiency & cultural isolation • Resistance to change – yielding to interaction • Trade & cultural change • Change of systems of production • Desire for products (not necessarily need based) • Increase in standard of living • Specialization of production • Economic geography

  18. Acceleration of Diffusion • Travel and transportation • Friction of distance • Decreased cost • Movement of information • Elimination of space/distance barrier • Electronic highway

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