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Two Intellectual Trends of the 1700’s

Two Intellectual Trends of the 1700’s. The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment. Causes. Concern over Enlightenment rationalism Concern that people were being led astray from piety toward materialism Frontier areas which contained the “unchurched” Religious stagnation

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Two Intellectual Trends of the 1700’s

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  1. Two Intellectual Trends of the 1700’s The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment

  2. Causes • Concern over Enlightenment rationalism • Concern that people were being led astray from piety toward materialism • Frontier areas which contained the “unchurched” • Religious stagnation • Clerical intellectualism

  3. Charateristics • Jonathan Edwards • Massachusetts intellectual • Delivered famous sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

  4. Characteristics • George Whitefield • English entertainer and preacher • Toured the colonies giving sermons 1738-1739 • Portable pulpit 

  5. Characteristics • Emotional style sermons with passionate appeals to repent • “New Lights” emphasized open spirit over a disciplined mind • Rejected predestination and taught about EARNING salvation • Spread throughout the colonies, cutting across economic, social, racial lines

  6. Southern Evangelist

  7. Characteristics • Camp meetings were held in more rural areas • People often experienced emotionally wrenching “conversion experiences” • Most New Light preachers were copycats of Whitefield or Edwards

  8. Camp Meeting

  9. Effects • Splintering of protestant denominations: Congregationalists and Presbyterians • Rapid growth of Baptists, Methodists • Weakening of established churches • Brought in new members to Protestant churches • Prompted missionary efforts among native Americans and African Americans

  10. Effects • Created opposition to royal colonial officials who supported the Anglican church • Democratic spirit in religion that rejected an “elect group” and an overly intellectual clergy • The first “unifying” experience in the American colonies

  11. Effects • Creation of New Light colleges • Princeton 1746- Presbyterians • Brown 1764- Baptist • Rutgers 1766- Dutch Reformed • King’s College (Columbia) 1754- Anglican • Dartmouth 1769- Congregationalist

  12. College of New Jersey (Princeton)

  13. Trend 2: The Enlightenment • Intellectual revolution that emphasized • Science over religion • Reason over faith • Doubt of traditional authority • Belief in unlimited possibility of progress

  14. New Ideas from the Enlightenment • Enlightened Despotism • Humanitarianism • Atheism • Deism

  15. 2 American Deists

  16. Adam Smith • Father of “laissez-faire” capitalism • Natural laws of supply and demand

  17. The Wealth of Nations

  18. Baron de Montesquieu • Wrote a book called The Spirit of the Laws • Separation of powers • Checks and balances

  19. Jean Jacques Rousseau • Wrote The Social Contract • Advocated the rule of the majority • Criticized immorality and corruption of modern society

  20. John Locke • 2nd Treatise on Government • Advocated natural rights of life liberty and property • Advocated the right to revolt when govt. fails to protect those rights

  21. Voltaire • Advocated religious freedom and wrote many works criticizing intolerance in religion • Advocated freedom of speech: “I may disagree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”

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