The Formation of Western Europe

1. The Formation of Western Europe Chapter 14

2. The Formation of Western Europe

3. Church Reform and the Crusades • The Age of Faith • Problems in the Church • Many village priests married and had families • Simony – selling of positions in the church • Kings appointed church bishops • Reform and Church Organization • The Curia • New Religious Orders • Dominic – Dominicans – scholars • Saint Francis of Assisi – Franciscans – treated all creatures like brothers

4. Church Reform and the Crusades • Cathedrals – Cities of God • Romanesque – style featuring round arches and a heavy roof held up by thick walls and pillars • A New Style of Church Architecture • Gothic – relating to a style of church architecture that developed in medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches and tall spires • Notre Dame

5. Church Reform and the Crusades • The Crusades • Pope Urban II called for a “holy war” to gain control of the Holy Land • Goals of the Crusades • Re-conquer the Holy Land • Reunite Christendom • Create peace among knights • Land and position in society • The First and Second Crusades • Crusaders captured Edessa and Jerusalem • The Third Crusade • Philip II of France, Federick I of Germany, and Richard the Lion Hearted of England • Saladin – Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader • Truce agreed to in 1192

6. Church Reform and the Crusades • The Crusading Spirit Dwindles • Personal gains outweigh religious spirits • The Children’s Crusade • Stephen of Cloyes • Nicholas of Cologne • A Spanish Crusade • Reconquista – long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain • Inquisition – a Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy

7. Church Reform and the Crusades • The Effects of the Crusades • Exemplifies the power of the church during the medieval times • Expanded trade with Southwest Asia • Failure led to increased power of kings and lessened the power of the pope • Intolerance and prejudice led to hatred and bitterness

8. Changes in Medieval Society • A Growing Food Supply • Switch to Horsepower • The Three-Field System • A system of farming in which farmland was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, spring crop, then left unplanted

9. Changes in Medieval Society • The Guilds • A medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controlled its members’ wages

10. Changes in Medieval Society • Commercial Revolution • The expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries • Fairs and Trade • Business and Banking • Society Changes

11. Changes in Medieval Society • Urban Life Flourishes • Trade and Towns Grow Together • Merchant Class Shifts the Social Order • Burghers – merchant-class town dwellers

12. Changes in Medieval Society • The Revival of Learning • The Muslim Connection • Scholars and the University • Vernacular- everyday language of a people’s homeland • Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy • Thomas Aquinas • Scholastics – scholars who gathered ant taught at medieval European universities

13. England and France develop

14. England and France Develop • England Absorbs Waves of Invaders • Early Invasions • The Norman Conquest • William the Conqueror • Battle of Hastings • Normans defeated the Anglo-Saxons

15. England and France Develop • England’s Evolving Government • Henry II – vassal to the French king and King of England • Juries and Common Law • Common law – a unified body of law formed from rulings of England’s royal judges that serves as the basis for law in many English-speaking countries today • The Magna Carta • King John Softsword • Great Charter – a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John in 1215 • The Model Parliament • Parliament – legislative group

16. England and France Develop • Capetian Dynasty Rules France • Hugh Capet • France Becomes a Separate Kingdom • Philip II Expands His Power • Philip II’s Heirs • Estates-General • An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates in France • Beginnings of Democracy

17. The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague • A Church Divided • Pope and King Collide • Philip IV of France vs. Pope Boniface VIII • Avignon and the Great Schism • Clement V • Avignon – city in which the French pope moved to capital of the church • Urban VI and Clement VII • Great Schism – division of the church between Italian and French popes • Scholars Challenge Church Authority • John Wycliffe – challenged that Jesus, not the pope was the head of the church • Jan Hus – taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope

18. The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague • The Bubonic Plague Strikes • Bubonic plague – deadly disease that spread throughout Europe • Origins and Impact of the Plague • Effects of the Plague • Town populations fell • Trade declined • Peasant revolts • Jews were falsely blamed • Churches suffered when prayers failed to stop the plague

19. The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague • The Hundred Years’ War • The Longbow Changes Warfare • Battle of Cercy • Battle of Poiters • Battle of Agincourt • Joan of Arc • Teenage peasant French girl • Heard voices and had visions that urged her to drive the English from France • The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War • Nationalism