Scope Statement

2. Scope Statement • The participant will gain an appreciation for the vulnerability of U.S. agriculture to animal disease threats, be introduced to the factors that trigger response efforts, and understand the important role of responders in an agricultural emergency and gain appreciation for the role of unified command. This lesson will also address continuity of business and issues of traumatic stress.

3. Terminal Learning Objective • Review the elements of an animal disease emergency and understand the critical role of responders.

4. Enabling Learning Objectives 1-1 Define agriculture emergency and recognize vulnerabilities of agriculture systems. 1-2 Identify the various groups, authorities, and jurisdictions that will play major roles in a foreign animal disease event. 1-3 Identify the steps to determine the presence of disease, process of diagnostics and surveillance, and the need for deployment of personnel. 1-4 Discuss the importance of continuity of business planning within a control zone. 1-5 Define traumatic stress as it relates to a foreign animal disease response.

5. What is an Agriculture Emergency? • Any event that jeopardizes the economic stability of any portion or segment of the agriculture or agribusiness industry. • Pre and Post Harvest • Naturally occurring • Intentional introduction • CBRNE

6. Understanding the Targets • Transportation systems • Water supplies • Grain elevators • Producers, farmers, farm workers • Restaurants and food handlers • Grocery stores • Food and agriculture research labs • Packing and processing facilities

7. Introduction of Disease Unintentional threats • Natural • Point of origin is unknown • West Nile, Chronic Wasting Disease • Accidental • Known point of origin • Contamination of feed • Improper processing

8. Introduction of Disease Intentional introduction • Criminal • Act of Terrorism (AgroTerrorism) • Targets economy

9. Vulnerability • Geographical dispersion and concentration • Comingled products from many sources • Consolidation of agribusinesses • Extensive movement of animals • Inadequate biosecurity

10. Susceptibility • rapidly spread • spread facilitated by wildlife or humans • difficult to kill and persist in environment • difficult to trace, go undetected for long periods • global sources exist and easily accessible Animal diseases make good terrorism agents

11. Achievability • Motivation • Opportunity • Technical Ability • Goal • Willingness to utilize biological weapons

12. Transmissible Animal Diseases Zoonotic • Transmitted from animals to humans • Represent source of emerging infectious disease • Avian Influenza • Brucellosis • Tularemia • Rabies • Lassa fever • Listeriosis • West Nile virus • Trichinosis • Swine Flu • Lyme Disease • Vesicular stomatitis

13. Transmissible Animal Diseases • Direct contact • Drinking water containing parasites • Eating raw or contaminated animal products • Insect vectors • Primates • Cats • Dogs • Pigs • Horses • Cattle • Rodents • Rabbits • Bats Zoonotic diseases can spread through:

14. Transmissible Animal Diseases Non-zoonotic • Non-infectious to humans • Humans may still transmit • Foot and mouth disease • African swine fever • Rinderpest • Hog cholera • Vesicular exanthema • Bovine Pleuropneumonia

15. Routes of Transmission • Direct Contact • Ingestion • Airborne • Fomites • Vectors

16. Laboratory Diagnostics and Disease Surveillance Diagnosis • Requires organism isolation in lab • Poultry • tracheal or cloacal swab • Livestock • blood or secretions Laboratory Confirmation • Only federal lab can confirm • Plum Island (FMD) • NVSL (Avian Influenza)

17. Laboratory Diagnostics and Disease Surveillance Surveillance • USDA both domestic and international roles • Domestic prevention efforts • Collaboration with USAID and HHS for avian influenza H5 and H7

18. Vaccination in an Animal Disease Outbreak • Dependent upon state and federal epidemiological assessment and managed by USDA/APHIS

19. Vaccination Assessment • Probability of disease containment • Proximity of high value animal agriculture • Threat to valuable, rare or endangered nondomestic species • Density of animals at risk • Extent to which wildlife is involved • Availability of staff to carry out vaccination efforts • Public opinion • Potential for zoonotic infection • Impact on export markets • Economic impact of failing to control the disease

20. National Veterinary Stockpile • Provides equipment, field tests, vaccines and other support services that states need in response to an animal disease outbreak.

21. Animal Health Response Agencies • Informs governments about diseases worldwide and recommends means of control • Coordinates international disease surveillance and control • Coordinates regulations for international trade in animals and animal products

22. Animal Health Response Agencies Protect and promote the growth of U.S. agriculture • Addresses animal and plant disease events • Border inspections • Animal import testing • Training for foreign animal disease detection • Protect, detect, contain, control disease • Wildlife Services • NAHERC • FADD • AVIC

23. State Animal Health Response Agencies • State Veterinarian • Foreign Animal Disease Diagnosticians (FADD) Department of Agriculture or Board of Animal Health • Oversight of animal health related activities • Surveillance • Quarantine • Movement permits • Disease investigation • Licensing or registration

24. Integrated Response ICS/Unified Command • Overall management of incident • Directs activities • Releases resources • Implementation of strategies

25. ICS Structure

26. Reaching a Diagnosis • Local producer or veterinarian notices problem • Notification of state or federal animal health authorities • Field sample collection by a Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostician (FADD) • Diagnosis confirmed by a federal laboratory • Plum Island for Foot and Mouth disease • NVSL for Avian Influenzas • National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) • Responds to overflow and additional confirmations

27. Case Classification • Suspect • Animals with clinical signs of disease • Presumptive Positive • Animals with clinical signs and positive initial testing • Quarantine of premises, surveillance and biosecurity measures will be implemented immediately

28. Case Classification • Confirmed Positive • Animals with clinical signs and isolation and identification at a USDA laboratory • FADDL – Plum Island • NVSL – Ames, Iowa

29. Economic Impact • Production losses • Overall response effort costs • Loss of animals and genetics • Loss of international trade, exporting barriers

30. Economic Impact • Lost income for farmers, producers • Movement restrictions impacting tourism, hunting • Higher prices for consumer commodities • Economic losses to local businesses via reduction in consumer spending

31. What is Continuity of Business? • Goal of eradicating disease may be contrary to continuity of operations on nearby farms • Return to business-as-usual will prove to be challenging • Some priorities may be resolved prior to outbreak • Raise awareness • Establish policies • Develop plans • Identify resources

32. Stress Factors • Individuals may feel overwhelmed and suffer deficits in: • Cognitive abilities • Emotional stability • Physical well-being • Spiritual functioning • Relationships

33. What Steps Can Help Manage Stress? • Self examination • Mental attitude of self care • Knowing what types of incidents and sensory experiences trigger emotional response • Smells • Sounds • Sights • Feelings

34. Summary • Our agriculture system is vulnerable to animal disease. • Many groups participate in response to an agriculture emergency. • Important to understand the steps necessary to determine the presence of disease. • Continuity of business is essential to maintain. • Economic and emotional stress imposed on producers and communities.