Horticulture

1. Horticulture Team Blue Tigers Jennifer Hawkins Kevin Khy Man Wing Amy Lui MarilanLuong Tiffany Nguyen

2. HorticultureCultivation: Tools and Processes • Horticulture was developed before 8000BC in Old Europe • New tools for cultivation were mainly created by women, including • The Hoe • The Spade • The Plough • Women were the farmers, therefore they had the knowledge of the craft Man Wing Amy Lui

3. The Hoe It is widely used by females as it seems safe Edward Hyams: New Stone Age – the inventors of gardening, are almost certainly women In Neolithic culture, women are buried with hoes and men are not. It is used to loosen the soil, breaks up large clods to create the proper tilth and kill weeds. Image of “Woman Hoeing the World Snake” Man Wing Amy Lui

4. The Spade It is an important tool for cultivation, invented by women, is used for thousand of years It is originally made by wood Men clear new land, and women use spade to plant. Incas believed crops must be planted by women, or else the crops would not grow Man Wing Amy Lui

5. The Plough • It is one of the two marks conventionally distinguishing agriculture from horticulture • It is for preparing the soil for seeding or planting • Women were not credited in this invention because of: • Today’s thinking of strength in using a modern plough does not go with capability of a female • People believe female is not strong enough to take control over a plough Man Wing Amy Lui

6. The Plough Facts that women were reported the stronger sex and they were the first users of a plough: • Women, did so much work in cultivation, carry home with a heavy load of crops and firewood and walk for miles • Females begin to be labor in age of 9 or 10, and the point is not who seems to be stronger, but who is trained for strength • Women were basically the primary cultivators Man Wing Amy Lui

7. The Horticulture Women Female labors hold the daily tasks: • Plant and harvest crops • Collect and haul firewood • Collect and move the clay for pottery • Often build houses or shelters Man Wing Amy Lui

8. Definition of Agriculture: According to Dictionary.com, agriculture can be defined as the science, art, or occupation concerned with cultivating land, raising crops, feeding, breeding and raising livestock. It can also be viewed as the production of crops, livestock, or poultry. Tiffany Nguyen

9. Woman and Agriculture • Throughout the world, both women and men play a critical role in agriculture. • The main producers of the world’s staple crops are rural woman. • Even though women are an important aspect in agriculture, they are considered to be the most disadvantaged of populations • Gender bias and gender blindness still persist Tiffany Nguyen

10. Tiffany Nguyen

11. Irrigation • Definition: According to dictionary.com, irrigation can be defined as the artificial application of water to land to assist in the production of crops. Tiffany Nguyen

12. 2 basic types of irrigation • Bringing plants to the water • Bringing water to the plants • Women have mainly been associated with the first type of irrigation • Women were considered cultivators and society relatively egalitarian in the Ubaid period Tiffany Nguyen

13. Semiramis • Bamboo aqueducts that brought water to the houses were created by Dyak women in Malaysia Tiffany Nguyen

14. Fire as a Land-clearing Tool & Fertilization Kevin Khy Kevin Khy

15. Fire as land-clearing tool Gatherer-hunters -Women were first to tame fire, to clear land for their gardens. - Men did the heavier work, while women set the fires. Kevin Khy

16. Fertilizer • The role of women in fertilizer history. • Accidental Enrichment • Menstrual Blood • Originated from ancient Greek Thesmophoria. • Great Autumn Festival • Herring buried by Massachusetts Natives • Supplied rich combination of Nitrogen and Phosphorus. • Burning Kelp (Orkneys) • Women were probably the first seaweed experts • New Guinea Highlands • Women plant Casuarina trees • Women are primary producers Kevin Khy

17. Fertilizier Continued • In africa both sexes clear land for planting. • Men = Prestigious, Dangerous, and Ritualized form of tree- cutting • Women = Collect brushwood to burn. • They know the fertilizing effect of ash and sterilizing and weed killing effects of the flames. Kevin Khy

18. DOMESTICATION AND SELECTIVE BREEDING OF PLANTS JENNIFER HAWKINS

19. DOMESTICATION AND SELECTIVE BREEDING OF PLANTS JENNIFER • Women are credited with domesticating and improving the selection of all basic food plants, including those that the world eats today. • During the Green Revolution (Neolithic Revolution) • 150 of the hundred thousand plant species have been commercially cultivated for food • 85% of our food by weight and 95% of our calories and protein • 75% of all human food energy come from cereals which were domesticated in prehistory • Wheat • Rice • Maize • Barley • Oats • Sorghum • Millet • Rye

20. DOMESTICATION AND SELECTIVE BREEDING OF PLANTS MILLED QUINOA WINGED BEAN TARWI JENNIFER • Other high protein grains and plants domesticated

21. Food Processing: Detoxification & Debittering Marilan Luong

22. What is Food Processing MarilanLuong • Conversion of raw materials into convenient & practical product for consumption • Plants • Nuts • Entails- removal of toxins and fermentation, milling, controlled storage and packaging, preservation, cooking, and freezing.

23. Making Foods Edible Acorn Olives Taro Sago Breadfruit Marilan Luong • Foods are often poisonous or inedible in their natural state • Examples include:

24. Making Foods Edible • How to make them safe? • Figure out ways of preparation and cooking • Examples include methods of detoxification and debittering

25. How Is Food Processing Related to Technology? Marilan Luong • Women’s achievement in making harvested plants edible has had a major impact on the foods we eat today • Such involvement has led to inventions of stone pestle, graters, sieves and strainers, and mallets • Many of our earliest foods required that the toxins and bitter taste be removed before eating

26. Making Foods Edible : Detoxification Marilan Luong • Acorns • Essential food source for many Native Americans • To consume must be cracked (stone), hulled, cleaned and pounded into flour with a stone pestle • Then rinse with water until all the bitter tannic acid is removed • Can also be left whole/crushed, placed into net bags to be left at a stream for a season (debittering technic) • This entire food process was incredibly laborious work for these women

27. Making Foods Edible: Debittering Marilan Luong • Olives • Important part of Mediterranean culture and diet • Raw olives contain vegetable acids as well as bitter glucoside (olivil) which makes them unpleasant to taste

28. Making Foods Edible: Debittering Marilan Luong • The olivil can be removed by an incredibly exhaustive treatment with pure water or lye solution • Process consists of: • Olives layered 2ft thick in containers with false bottoms • Water has to be changed frequently to prevent bacteria growth • Must kept submerged • Salt used to re-firm softened flesh and to keep bacteria away

29. Different Forms of Food Processing • Removal of toxins • Fermentation • Milling • Storage and Ripening • Waxing • Cutting, Trimming, and Peeling • Blanching • Cooking • Freezing and Refrigeration • Curing and Smoking • Dehydration • Pasteurization • Pickling *All are methods to help prevent food spoilage* Marilan Luong

30. Animal Husbandry JENNIFER HAWKINS

31. What is Animal Husbandry? • Caring for animals that are used primarily as food or product sources • Farmers, ranchers, sheep-herders, or anyone who takes care of animals • Also known as Animal Science JENNIFER

32. New Breeds and Varieties • Salina, Maria, and Elena • Henrietta King • Among the first to dip cattle to protect them from tick fever • Sally Forbes • Helen Newton Turner Texas Longhorn-Hereford JENNIFER

33. New Breeds and Varieties • Salina, Maria, and Elena • Henrietta King • Among the first to dip cattle to protect them from tick fever • Sally Forbes • Helen Newton Turner Santa Gertrudis JENNIFER

34. New Breeds and Varieties • Salina, Maria, and Elena • Henrietta King • Among the first to dip cattle to protect them from tick fever • Sally Forbes • Helen Newton Turner Red Angus JENNIFER

35. New Breeds and Varieties • Salina, Maria, and Elena • Henrietta King • Among the first to dip cattle to protect them from tick fever • Sally Forbes • Helen Newton Turner Merino Sheep JENNIFER

36. Care of Livestock • Women focused on the improvement and treatment of livestock Livestock and Cattle car JENNIFER

37. Care of Livestock • Women focused on the treatment of livestock Feeding Trough JENNIFER

38. Care of Livestock • Other Women Inventors • Mary Lipscomb • Improved sheep shears • Miriam Louis A. Rothschild • Improved and modernized ways of handling livestock • Helen Skeggs • Promoted growth in farm animals • Melinda L. Boice • Produced the first successful calf by in-vitro fertilization JENNIFER

39. Dairy & Poultry Inventions • Women also focused on the advancements of labor, making it more efficient, clean, and safe JENNIFER

40. Dairy & Poultry Inventions • Dairy Inventions • Motor for churns • Improved milking machines • Ice-less Milk cooler and refrigerator • Increase in milk production JENNIFER

41. Dairy & Poultry Inventions • Poultry Inventions • Incubator • Improvements in chicken coops JENNIFER

42. Dairy & Poultry Inventions • Mary Engle Pennington • Improved handling and packaging of dairy and poultry products • “Egg-Case filler” • Developed sanitary methods JENNIFER