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Genetics Basics and Inheritance Patterns

Explore the basics of genetics, including phenotype, genotype, alleles, and inheritance patterns. Learn about dominant and recessive traits, genetic engineering, selective breeding, and the diversity of species.

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Genetics Basics and Inheritance Patterns

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  1. The phenotype of an organism a. represents its genetic composition b. reflects all the traits that are actually expressed c. occurs only in dominant pure organisms d. cannot be seen

  2. An organism having two different alleles for a trait is called a. heterozygote   b. homozygous dominant     c. genotype    d. monohybrid cross

  3. If an individual possesses two recessive alleles for the same trait, the individual is said to be a. homozygous for the trait             b. haploid for the trait c. heterozygous for the trait           d. mutated

  4. Mendel hypothesized that each trait is controlled by a factor, now called a a. gene     b. mate   c. hybrid    d. dominance

  5. Gene DNA The diagram below represents a chromosome. • Identify structure X. • What does structure X consist of? • How many chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell? • How many chromosomes are found in a human gamete? 46 23 X

  6. T = Tall t = short Give the genotype for each gene combination: TT: tt: Tt: Homozygous dominant Homozygous recessive Heterozygous

  7. Rr R = round r = wrinkled Give the allele combinations for the following genotypes: • Heterozygous round seeds • Homozygous round seeds • Wrinkled seeds Give the phenotypes for the following genotypes: 4. RR 5. Rr 6. rr RR rr Homozygous dominant Heterozygous Homozygous recessive

  8. T = tall t = short Cross two heterozygous plants. Tt x Tt T t T T T T t T t t t t

  9. T t T Phenotype %: 75% tall 25% short Genotype %: 25% homozygous dominant 50% heterozygous 25% homozygous recessive T T T t T t t t t

  10. 1. Combining DNA from two different organisms is an example of _____________________. 2. Combining the desirable qualities of 2 different organisms into one is referred to as __________________. 3. The process in which genetically identical offspring are produced by using the cells of an organism is called ___________. genetic engineering selective breeding cloning

  11. 1. The type of selective breeding in which organisms with different traits are crossed is called ________________. 2. The type of selective breeding in which organisms with similar traits are crossed to preserve the trait is called _____________. Hybridization inbreeding

  12. Identify structure A. • What technique is illustrated in the diagram? • 3. Identify structure B. • 4. What is this technique used for? Gene / DNA Genetic engineering Recombinant DNA To produce insulin, growth hormone, genetically modified foods

  13. The letter X most likely represents (1.)   bacterial cells that are unable to synthesize insulin (2.)   human cells that are able to synthesize antibodies (3.)   bacterial cells that are able to synthesize insulin (4.)   human cells that are unable to resist antibiotics • What is this process an example of? Genetic engineering

  14. Genetic engineering has been utilized for the production of • salivary amylase • human growth hormone • hydrochloric acid • uric acid crystals

  15. When humans first domesticated dogs, there was relatively little diversity in the species. Today, there are many variations such as the German shepherd and the dalmation. This increase in diversity is most closely associated with • cloning of selected body cells • selective breeding • mitotic cell division • environmental influences on inherited traits

  16. Describe the relationship between the two individuals in generation 1. They are married. They have offspring. 2. Identify the genotype of the father. Heterozygous The pedigree chart represents the inheritance of a recessive trait through two generations. 2

  17. 2. Identify the genotype of the mother. Homozygous recessive 3. How many children did the first generation have? 4 4. How many children have the trait? 2 2

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