Unit 3 Age of Ideologies

1. Unit 3 Age of Ideologies

2. The Congress of Vienna • Final part of the French Revolution- resolved to settle future of Europe. Principal goal was to restore power to kings/monarchies- and to redraw the rest of Europe. France was not to be punished- because they wanted her on board • Legitimacy, compensation and balance of power

3. Key Players • Austria: Prince Clemens von Metternich • France: Charles Talleyrand • England: Robert Castlereagh • Russia: Tsar Alexander I • Prussia: King Frederick William III

4. Holy Alliance • Suggestion of Alex I- required rulers to run their gov’t according to Christian principles. Russia, Austria, Prussia joined. Not taken very seriously (except by Tsar)

5. Quadruple Alliance • 4 Victorious Powers- Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia. This one actually holds together- agreed to meet periodically and discuss outstanding problems • Becomes….

6. Concert of Europe • Goal is to keep the status quo. Meets 1815-1850s (until Crimean War) • In favor of collective security- what is best for the group- requires unanimity to act. • England withdraws 1822- makes them fairly ineffective

7. Evaluation of Congress of Vienna • Often criticized for ignoring liberal and nationalist voices- underestimated their power/influence after the French Revolution. (lower classes aren’t just going to take it anymore) • But it DID create stability- and kept it for 50 years. No large scale wars until 1914

8. 19th Century Ideologies: Conservatives • Tended to be repressive in an attempt to restore the status quo- not afraid to play on concerns about violence to keep bourgeoisie in line (saw them as the swing group)

9. Edmund Burke • “Reflections on the Revolution in France”- an intellectual defense of Conservatism. Advised the English to move slowly in expanding political liberty. Denounced using qualities of “right and wrong” to define politics.

10. Liberals • Reformist- not revolutionary. Individuals have the right to seek liberty in the face of tyranny. • Natural rights (Locke) best protected by a constitution (Montesquieu) Advocated constitutional monarchy and republicanism

11. Bourgeoisie • Backbone of the liberal group- middle class businessmen and professionals- wanted their voice in gov’t, property rights and protection of free trade. (econ freedom #1 priority)

12. John Stuart Mill • “On Liberty” argued that absolute freedom of opinion needed to be protected from gov’t censorship and tyranny of the majority

13. Radicals • Came primarily from students/working class. Considered equality even more important than liberty- also advocated wider voting rights (universal manhood suffrage) Term came from Eng. “Philosophical Radicals” who wanted total reconstruction of gov’t and promoted social change

14. David Ricardo • Iron Law of Wages: the Fact that there are always large numbers of unskilled laborers means that they will always be paid poorly- there are too many of them to be truly valuable

15. Thomas Malthus • Iron Law of Population: Too many people causes famine- there are only so many resources to go around. Advocated occasional war and strict birth control

16. Republicanism • 1st appeared in France during the reign of terror. Intelligensia, working class leaders. Often advocated revolution to achieve goals. Opposed to monarchy of any kind (even constitutional) Lots of secret societies, plots etc…

17. Socialism • Some radicals pointed to private property as the source of society’s problems- wanted to get gov’t to create equality. Said capitalist econ is unjust- because profits of labor don’t go TO labor. Favored communal ownership of banks, factories, transportation etc…

18. French Socialism • French revolution had wanted greater equality planned by the government. • Count Henri St. Simon- said “parasites” of aristocracy should give way to “doers” • Louis Blanc- gov’t should own factories and guarantee full employment • Charles Fourier- Utopian (like Robert Owen

19. Utilitarianism • Jeremy Bentham: said the test of any law or institution should be based on the “greatest happiness for the greatest number” • Advocated for social relief

20. Marx: Dialectical Materialism • Dictatorship of the Proletariat. Those who own the factors of production control the economy. • Class Struggle: rich/poor, exploiters/exploited. • Surplus Value: the value of a product comes from the labor it took to make it- workers are cheated b/c the profit goes to others. • Socialism is inevitable, capitalism has sown the seeds of its own destruction

21. Nationalism • Came from both liberals and radicals-1st talked about during French Revolution, esp during the age of Napoleon. • Turn cultural unity into self gov’t- people with a common language, history, traditions- because only that gov’t would have the interest of the people at heart

22. Self determination • Right of each culture to est. their own gov’t. • Particularly important in multi-ethnic empires in Eastern Europe • Many movements come from this- Greece, Italy, Germany, Hungary, Bohemia etc…

23. Johann Gottfried Herder • Said cultural groups are unique, evolving over centuries (Volksgeist) One culture is not necessarily superior to others- but all deserve respect. “nations should be people of same nationality”

24. Early Nationalist Movements • Naples: Carbonari- liberal/nationalist group protesting rule by Austria • Greece: The “Eastern Question” what would happen to cultures in fading Ottoman Empire- especially those in the Balkans?

25. Romanticism vs. Classicism • Romanticism was inspired by nature, emotion and imagination. Inspired by folktales and the “idealized” medieval world (chivalry) • Classicism came from Enlightenment- it’s about reason, symmetry and space- inspired by ancient Greece and Rome

26. Characteristics- Sentimentalism • Loved tragic figures, misunderstood by society, who had been brought down despite their inherent goodness. • Johann Von Goethe- “Sorrows of the Young Werther” • Bronte- “Wuthering Heights” • Victor Hugo- “Hunchback of Notre Dame”

27. Emotion vs. Reason • Said the senses (not the head- reason) Encouraged personal freedom and flexibility. Created humanitarian movements to fight social injustice

28. Individualism • Emphasized rebellion against middle class conventions. Express your “inner” self by being unusual or even bizarre.

29. Interest in the past • Loved idealized Medieval history (honor, faith, chivalry) Created “modern” versions of ancient tales • Sir Walter Scott- Ivanhoe, King Arthur • Br. Grimm and Hans Christian Anderson- folktales- Nationalism and romanticism brought together

30. Unusual • Enjoyed things that were bizarre and horrifying- “Gothic” literature • Edgar Allen Poe • Mary Shelly- Frankenstein • Bram Stoker- Dracula • Led to experiments with “alternate realities” through drinking and drugs (opium/heroin)

31. Early Romantics • Rousseau loved the ideal of the “noble savage”- said society corrupted humanity- we need to get back to nature. • Sturm and Drang- (storm and stress) German poets of 1770s-80s

32. Romantic LiteraturePoetry • Favorite literary form of period- allowed you to “express your soul”. Wanted to live Passionate, unorthodox lives away from cities and industrialization • Famous Poets • Samuel Taylor Coleridge • William Blake • William Wordsworth • Percy Bysshe Shelley • Lord Byron • Influenced by the spirit of the early French Revolution-Revolt of humans against a society that oppressed them • Defied classical “rules” of poetry in favor of flowery language and imagery. Nature another inspiration- wild and free, used simple subjects in a majestic way. • Byron the embodiment of the romantic poet- “Mad, Bad and Dangerous to know” died fighting for Greek liberty (a popular Romantic cause)

33. Other Literature • George Sand- (female- pen name) wrote about romantic love and moral idealism in pastoral novels which feature strong female characters • Johan Von Goethe- Faust- sells his soul to devil for knowledge of all humanity- only to discover the grace of God is greatest knowledge of all • Victor Hugo- Les Miserables- the French underclass AFTER the revolution

34. Music: Beethoven • 18th century had been the age of “classical” music (Mozart, Hayden, Bach) the 19th century strongly influenced by romanticism- wanted to create works of passion, and nationalistic heritage • Beethoven the bridge between the two (lived 1770-1826) • Beethoven’s music was the first to convey inner emotion- fear, terror, utter joy (Ode to Joy) • Unlike earlier artists- he was not constrained by patronage- romantics unleashed artistic expression

35. Other Musicians • Franz Schubert- (Romance of the Forest, Ave Maria) • Hector Berlioz (Symphanie Fantastique) • Frederic Chopin (polish Folk songs) • Giuseppe Verdi (Italian Opera, Rigoletto, La Traviatta) • Richard Wagner (German Opera- Meistersinger, Tristan and Isolde) • Peter Tchaikovsky- (Russian Ballets – the Nutcracker, Swan Lake)

36. Art • Loved landscapes (reaction to industrialization) especially sort of wild, twisted etc… • Caspar David Freidrich- mountains and seas with solitary/melancholy figures. • Eugene Delacroix- emotion through movement of shadows and color • J.m.w. Turner and John Constable also famous for landscapes • Pre-Raphaelites: illustrations of romantic tales.

37. Architecture: Gothic Revival • Spires, spikes, steeples, and idealized version of medieval architecture (with no defensive capacity) sometimes known as Victorian Gothic. • Houses of Parliament most famous example

38. Romanticism and Ideology • Conservatives saw it as a rejection of the enlightenment (which they approved of b/c they blamed enlightenment for revolution)- but liked attachment to middle ages • Radicals loved the unconventional impulses and refusal to conform to society’s expectations

39. Victor Hugo • Advocate of radical Change and passionate supporter of republicanism . • All his works deal with outcasts- those rejected by society for issues they cannot control

40. Johann Gottfried Herder • Rebelled against enlightenment rationalism. Urged Germans to study their literature and history- believed it was the key to uniting the German people- create passionate nationalism “Volksgeist”

41. Absolutist states- fully freaked out by the French Revolution and Napoleon. Reacted by centralizing political power, building armies, stamping out protest, looking for total control Pillars of ConservatismThe Big Three

42. Still feudal- and plans on staying that way (until Crimean War – which shows them how far behind they really are) Russia

43. Fought Napoleon, created the holy alliance. Favored Enlightened Despotism before 1815- then became increasingly reactionary. Cracked down on student groups and secret societies with extreme violence Alexander I

44. Alexander I died in 1825- his younger brother (Nicholas I) unpopular. (they wanted Constantine, who had pledged reform, but then decided to become a monk.) Led by junior military officers- looking for reform but 1st to have wide scale support. Leaders exiled and/or executed. Decembrist Uprising 1825

45. Europe’s most Reactionary monarch. Responded to uprising with repression, crackdown, and ignoring radical (and more moderate liberal) demands. Newspapers and schools censored, Secret police expanded Tried to keep western ideas out- but territorial expansion was bringing Russia into ever greater international contact Nicholas I

46. Slavophiles/westernizers • Competition between two groups about which way Russia should go • Slavophiles: thought Russian culture was superior- should be preserved and protected • Westernizers: Wanted to bring in more western ideas- modernize and create a constitution

47. Multi-ethnic empire (Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Poles, Italians) Most affected by rising nationalist tide- and gov’t feared recognizing ANY group would spell end of empire. (Generally successful until 1840s) Also against creation of a “German State” feared they would lose German pop. Austria

48. Purpose was to guarantee individual member states would take joint action to prevent disorder in German states (which is a new entity) Led- and controlled by Austria- their preemptive strike against growing Prussian dominance of German affairs German Confederation (Bund)

49. Big source of Nationalism were student groups and secret societies. Metternich had them Banned (only makes them more radical) Carlsbad Decrees

50. Prussia • Competing with Austria for leadership of the German States. Frederick William III promised a German constitution- but created a Council of State (which had strong administrative efficiency, but did not limit the king) Advisory councils open to Junkers only • Ruled by Hohenzolleren dynasty • Aggressive expansion • After 1815 liberals had hoped Prussia would lead them to unity- and were disappointed in strong conservatism displayed