The Federalist Era

1. The Federalist Era

2. SWBAT • Describe the Internal and External troubles of the Federalist era (both George Washington’s and John Adams’s administrations). • Contrast • Hamilton’s “Federalist” Party with • Jefferson’s “Democratic-Republican” Party. • Explain two suggestions GW gave upon his leaving office. Do we follow them today? • Explain the “Alien and Sedition Acts”: • Why they were created • Who opposed them

3. GW takes Charge I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.--Presidential oath of office, Article II, Section 1, United States Constitution • April 30,1789 First Presidential swearing-in: Inauguration • To Do List: • Create Bureaucracy: a system to enforce laws • Create a Judicial System • Raise money (TAXES!) to run federal gov’t. • Create Precedents (routines other presidents will follow)

4. Judicial System • After the Constitution was ratified and Government was established, congress passed the… • Judiciary Act of 1789 • Established the Supreme Court • Chief Justice and five associate judges • Sixteen lower federal courts • Also Circuits Courts, Attorney General, Prosecuting Attorneys & Federal Marshalls The very first Supreme Court Justice, John Jay,

5. Bill of Rights • By September 1789 twelve amendments to the Constitution were submitted to the states. • It took until 1791 for the ten amendments to be passed becoming the Bill of Rights. • Main purpose of the Bill of Rights was to protect people (individuals) from the government. • How does it do that?

6. Bill of Rights – The real short version 1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. 2. Right to keep and bear arms in order to maintain a well-regulated militia. 3. No quartering of soldiers. 4. Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. 5. Right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination, double jeopardy. 6. Rights of accused persons, e.g., right to a speedy and public trial. 7. Right of trial by jury in civil cases. 8. Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments. 9. Other rights of the people – Just because it’s not in the constitution doesn’t mean it’s not a right. Courts and Congress have decided other basic rights: privacy, right to vote, to education, to make personal medical decisions 10. Powers reserved to the states – states have powers, but cannot act like an individual country. Balances power between state and Federal Gov’t

7. Federal versus States Powers

8. Executive Branch • Washington set up Advisory Departments, each headed by a Secretary: • Department of State – Foreign Affairs – Thomas Jefferson • Department of War – Military matters – Henry Knox • Depart of the Treasury – Financial Problems – Alexander Hamilton • Originally thought to be individual advisors, they came to be a counsel of advisors, including the Attorney General (lead lawyer), called the Cabinet.

9. Hamilton’s Policies • Founding Father most credited with establishing our economic / banking and tax systems • Needed to pay off foreign debt ($80 million!) borrowed during the Revolutionary War • Assumed all State debts – put them all together • **He helped establish a National Bank to manage nation’s finances

10. Whiskey Tax • It was levied specifically against Western PA • Corn was too bulky to transport, so to make money and lower transportation costs it was converted to whiskey • Western PA Refused to pay taxes on the whiskey – a challenge to federal authority! • Washington wanted to assert Federal power • So… as Commander in Chief, he gathered 15,000 militia, George W. & Hamilton led the troops in full dress • The rebellion scattered, Federal power was asserted – lesson: you must follow the laws or be punished

11. Indian Relations • North West territory claims were made by colonists • Indians had not been represented at Treaty of Paris 1783 (at the ending of the Rev War) • Great Britain gave land W of Apps, E of Mississippi to U.S., Indians lived there, but were not recognized as a group with political interests • This led to a series of violent conflicts

12. Indian Relations • Battles in 1790, 1792 won by Indians • In 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers won by federal troops led by “Mad” Anthony Wayne

13. Foreign Relations – Great Britain • Britain maintained forts on the borders and supplied Native Americans with weapons • However, trade relations continued and Britain eventually invited American Ambassadors into Great Britain • Britain and France go to war against each other in 1793 and we sign a treaty with Great Britain to maintain peaceful relations – called Jay’s Treaty: this angered many Americans including Thomas Jefferson who felt we should side with France

14. Foreign Relations - France • We owe them lots of money because of the Amer. Revolution • French Revolution was happening in France at this time • Initially it was popular and supported by the U.S., especially by Jefferson • But, as anarchy reigned, blood was spilled and heads rolled, opinion shifted • French declared war on Great Britain in 1793, American opinion was divided between France and Great Britain

15. Foreign Relations / Policy • George Washington’s policy was to stay Neutral (not help either side) - Neutrality • America had problems with both England and France • We had a “Quasi War” with France – France’s naval vessels would attack our trade ships • Great Britain refused to accept American neutrality and kidnapped sailors from American vessels to fight in the war = impressments

16. Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality - 1793 "It appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain, and the Netherlands on the one part, and France on the other. The duty and interest of the United States require that they should adopt a conduct friendly and impartial toward the [warring] powers. I have thought fit to declare the position of the United States to observe a conduct towards those powers respectfully; and warn our citizens to avoid all acts which may in any manner tend to [go against] this position." • As Washington’s Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton argued strongly for neutrality to protect our fragile economic interests. • Jefferson convinced Madison to remain outspoken against neutrality and demand the United States side with the French. Eventually, Jefferson would resign as Secretary of State over this issue.

17. Summarize the Difficulties of the 1st Administration • Pass Bill of Rights to guarantee personal rights • Establish Federal Court system to run the Judicial branch of Government • Select Executive Advisors, the Cabinet • Fund the new government through taxes and make sure people paid these taxes • Foreign relations: handle problems with… • Native Americans (fights over territory) • France and England (affected trade)

18. Foreign Affairs • The French Revolution caused what in the US? • The French & British reactions to GWs declaration were: • Issues w/Indians were settled by –

19. Origins of the Two Party System • Two political parties developed around the leadership and opinions of • Thomas Jefferson, Republican-Democrats • Alexander Hamilton, Federalists

20. ? ? Origins of the Two Party System • Divide class in half. • One half will look at Hamilton and his policies. • One half will look at Jefferson and his policies. • The two halves of the class will help each other learn the about their person.

21. George Washington’sFarewell Address • Handout, abridged address & questions

22. George Washington’sFarewell Address • Do we follow it today? • Using current events discussed in class: Think of an example in which we either followed or did not follow Washington’s farewell advice. • Explain in a short response paragraph

23. John Adams’ Administration • Election of 1796 very close • Northern Federalist - 70 electors • Southern Republicans - 68 electors • Outcome: Adams is President (Federalist) • Jefferson Vice-President (Republican – Democrat) • Do you see a problem here?

24. Electoral College • The United States Electoral College is the institution that officially elects the President and Vice President of the United States every four years. • The President and Vice President are not elected directly by the voters. Instead, they are elected by "electors" who are chosen by popular vote on a state-by-state basis. • Electors are apportioned to each state and the District of Columbia, but not to territorial possessions of the United States. • The number of electors in each state is equal to the number of members of Congress to which the state is entitled, while the Twenty-third Amendment grants the District of Columbia the same number of electors as the least populous state, currently three. • In total, today there are 538 electors, corresponding to the 435 members of the House of Representatives, 100 senators, and the three additional electors from the District of Columbia.

25. Electoral College • It comes from a compromise between northern and southern states over issues of voting, how to count slaves in representation, and how to manage “big” versus “small” state imbalance. • Critics argue that the Electoral College is inherently undemocratic and gives swing states disproportionate influence in electing the President and Vice President. • The Electoral College gives a numeric advantage in the election of the president to the smaller states, as the minimum number of electors for the small states is three compared to one for the election of representatives. • On the other hand, the winner-take-all method of voting favors the larger states. • On five occasions, most recently in 200, and 2016, the Electoral College system has resulted in the election of a candidate who did not receive the most popular votes in the election.

26. Presidential Election 2016Red = Republican TrumpBlue = Democrat Clinton

27. John Adams’ Foreign Affairs • War? With France? • France was outraged over Jay’s Treaty w/Britain at the end of the Revolution • France began seizing American ships, causing a “Quasi War” • Federalists in Congress wanted War • Republicans (Jefferson especially) were generally considered “Francophiles”, they liked the French • Adams sent negotiators to France • They informed Adams a bribe was demanded to meet with French Leaders • Adams kept it secret to NOT enflame war fever

28. John Adams’ Foreign Affairs • Representatives mistakenly thought he wanted war and was keeping the “peace offer” secret, demanded release of letter. • The letter released Fr listed as X, Y, Z = “XYZ Affair” • “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!” became the rallying cry against France • There was much War Fever, but no actual outbreak • Adams followed Washington's precedent of Neutrality

29. John Adams’ Domestic Affairs • The loudest Critics of Adams/Federalists were foreign born Democratic Republicans who emigrated during and after the Revolution • Dissent (speaking out against authority) was viewed by Federalists as unpatriotic • In Congress they created Alien & Sedition Acts (laws) John Adams is a Jerk!

30. Alien and Sedition Acts • The Alien and Sedition Acts were bills passed by the Federalists in Congress and signed into law by John Adams in 1798. • Authored by the Federalists, the laws were supposed to strengthen national security, but critics argued that they were an attempt to suppress voters who disagreed with the Federalist party thereby attacking First Amendment rights to free speech.

31. Alien and Sedition Acts • The Acts increased the residency requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. They also allowed the president to imprison or deport aliens considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States" at any time. They also restricted speech which was critical of the federal government (sedition!). • At the time, the majority of immigrants supported Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans, the political opponents of the Federalists, so… the Acts attacked Jefferson supporters!

32. Alien and Sedition Acts • Republican response… • Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions/Acts • The resolutions said that states could write laws within their own borders even if they are in conflict with the constitution – setting up a fight over state vs. federal powers • A continuation of the fight over the balance of power between States and the Federal Government

33. Election of 1800: War of Words • Adams was accused of not being “Federalist enough” and lost votes in the North, he also lost Hamilton’s support – a leading Federalist • It was an ugly and very personal campaign • Three men ran for President • Final Electoral Tally: • Thomas Jefferson – 73 • Aaron Burr – 73 • John Adams – 65 *A tie!!! Who is the president????

34. Election of 1800: Results: • Thomas Jefferson and Burr tie, Burr refuses to concede (even though he said he would prior to the election as a guarantee of support if he ran against Adams), so it goes to House of Reps. to settle. • It is decided on the 36th house vote – Thomas Jefferson became president • Rules for elections change were made and passed = 12th amendment • The result of this election was affected by the three-fifths clause – had slaves not been counted as persons for purposes of Congressional electoral votes, Adams may have won. Jefferson was subsequently criticized as having won "the Temple of Liberty on the shoulders of slaves".

35. John Adams & the Federalist’s Last Word • The outgoing Adams’ administration and Federalist’s Congress increased the number of federal judges and all of those appointed were Federalists. • The courts consistently interpreted laws as Federalists for next couple of decades. • Most famous case: Marbury v. Madison which established Judicial Review – allowed the Supreme Court to nullify (cancel) laws that were determined unconstitutional • This is the court’s biggest check on presidential and congressional power.