Ch. 14: The Renaissance & Reformation

1. Ch. 14: The Renaissance & Reformation • Europe’s cultural rebirth- The Renaissance (began around 1300) • Emphasized: • artistic expression • the study of Greek and Roman cultures • Secular concerns • the development of the individual

2. Section 1: The Renaissance in Italy • Characterized by creativity, interest in learning, and desire to explore the human experience. • Renewed interest in ancient Rome • Began in Italy in the 1300s; peaked around 1500 • Focused the use of reason and humanistic concerns- (a focus on worldly subjects rather than on the religious issues that had occupied medieval thinkers.

3. Why did the Renaissance start in Italy? • Italy had a wealthy and powerful merchant class. It was marked by an interest in the culture of ancient Rome. Since Italy was the center of the Roman Empire, it was a logical place for this reawakening to begin.

4. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)

5. David(1501-1504)

6. Copy of David standing in the original location

7. Agony & the Ecstasy-Michelangelo’s blank ceiling

8. The Sistine Chapel(1508-1512)Vatican City

9. Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

10. Creation of Adam

11. Original Sin and the Banishment from the Garden of Eden

12. Pietà

13. The Last Judgment

14. Michelangelo’s Last Judgement

15. St. Peter’s Basilica

16. Michelangelo’s Tomb

17. the remains of Pope John XXIII(in the process of being canonized – made a saint)

18. Memorial to Dante (actually buried in Ravenna)

19. LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452-1519)

20. Mona Lisa(1503-1505)

21. The Last Supper(1495-1498)

22. Vitruvian Man (ca. 1487) aka. The Canon of Proportions Vitruvian man by Leonardo is an illustration of the human body inscribed in the circle and the square derived from a passage about geometry and human proportions in Vitruvius's writings (1st century BC)

23. Embryo in the womb (c. 1510) Circulatory system

24. Human skull Early machine

25. Leonardo’s ornithopter

26. A helicopter?

27. Military Sketches

28. Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520)

29. Archangel Michael Slaying Satan

30. Transfiguration of Christ

31. The School of Athens Leonardo da Vinci Raphael- 2nd from right Plato Aristotle Pythagoras Euclid Diogenes Michelangelo

32. NiccolòMachiavelli

33. Il Principe(The Prince)

34. 14.2-The Renaissance Moves North • After a slow recovery from the devastating Black Death, northern Europe joined in the Renaissance that had earlier swept Italy. • Northern artists and writers imitated Italian styles while adding new methods and ideas of their own. • As a result of the new Gutenberg Printing Press- people were exposed to new ideas that spread quickly. More people began to learn and read.

35. A Peasant WeddingPieter Breugel

36. Albrecht Dürer

37. Peter Paul Reubens

38. Shakespeare!

39. Ch. 14: The Renaissance & Reformation • 1500s: the Protestant Reformation grew in response to the widespread Catholic Church corruption

40. 14.3: Protestant Reformation • In the late Middle Ages, reformers criticized Church abuses and desired greater simplicity and piety. • Martin Luther opposed Church authority by attacking the Church practice of selling indulgences. • Tetzel & indulgences=Luther’s 95 Theses, or arguments, against Church corruption. • The ideas of Martin Luther & John Calvin led people to separate from the Roman Catholic Church and form new Protestant churches.

41. Luther Starts the Reformation • Martin Luther, a German monk, challenges the authority of the Catholic Church and triggers the Reformation—a movement for religious reform. The Reformation spreads to England when King Henry VIII breaks ties with the Catholic Church. • Nearly one-fourth of the Christians in today’s world are Protestants. Cranach- Martin Luther

42. Indulgences-Tetzel

43. Luther protests. Pope excommunicates Luther. Luther declared a heretic. Tetzel sells indulgences under false pretenses. Luther posts the 95 Theses. Lutheran church begins. German peasants revolt. Charles V goes to war against Protestant princes of Germany. Luther Posts the 95 Theses

44. Luther on indulgences

45. 8:44m Reformation: Martin Luther

46. Reformers Ideas • People are sinful by nature. • Ideal government is a theocracy. John Calvin • Only adults baptized • Church and state separate. Anabaptists • Church interpretation of Bible is final. • Need faith and good works to be saved Catholic Reformers Reformers of the Reformation (and stuff)

47. John Calvin • John Calvin develops a system of Protestant theology that gains popularity among other European reformers. To stem the spread of Protestantism, the Catholic Church initiates its own reforms.

48. 14.4: Reformation Ideas Spread • By breaking with Rome and forming the Church of England, King Henry VIII gained both political and personal benefits. • As part of the Catholic Reformation, Church leaders instituted a program of reforms at the Council of Trent. • Both Protestant and Catholic Reformations brought sweeping changes to Europe.

49. English Reformation • England’s break with the RCC was not caused by religious reformers but by King Henry VIII for political reasons • Henry wasn’t anti-Catholic • given the title“Defender of the Faith” by Pope Leo X in 1521 for his writings denouncing Luther • So why did he break with Rome? It all started in 1527 when…

50. Henry VIII In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul, or cancel, his marriage. Henry took the Church from the pope’s control and created the Church of England.