Renaissance and Reformation

1. Renaissance and Reformation (1350-1600)

2. Renaissance • The Renaissance Attitude: • Individualism • Secularism (Humanism)- not anti-Christian • Revival of Classical values

3. Renaissance • Means rebirth • Revival of Antiquity (Ancient Greece & Rome) • Begins in Italy Coliseum Italy Acropolis

4. Characteristics • Urban society = “city states” • Recovery from “horror” of 14th Century (plague (black death), church problems, political instability) • Belief in human achievement & individualism • Largely reserved for wealthy upper class “Men can do all things if they will”- Leon Batista Alberti

5. The Italian States • Dominant force in Italy’s economic, social, and political life • Milan, Venice, and Florence = prosperous trading centers that help promote “Renaissance spirit” • Italy= no king • How did they get there? Uffizi Gallery in Florence Duomo in Milan Gondolas in Venice

6. Medici Family • 13th - 17th Century Florentines • Attained great wealth via banking & trade industries • Wealth = political power • Greatest contribution to the Renaissance was in sponsorship of artists and architects Cosimo de’ Medici Lorenzo de’ Medici

7. Renaissance Society • Middle Ages =society divided into 3 estates or social classes: 1. Nobility 2. Peasants or Townspeople 3. Clergy • Similar structure during Renaissance, however, important change taking place

8. Nobility • Only 3% of population but dominate European society: • Hold important political posts • Advisors to monarchs, popes, princes • Land & business owners • Intent on acquiring, holding, and keeping POWER

9. Nobility and Behavior • Noble or aristocrat expected to fulfill certain ideals or standards • Outlined by Castiglione(kahs–teel–yoh-nay) in The Book of Courtier (1528) • A noble is born, not made; “blood will out” • Military skill & classical education • Code of conduct

10. Power • Machiavelli – The Prince, (1505) • One of most influential books ever written on “how to acquire and keep political power” • A political realist = The “end justifies the mean”

11. Peasants & Townspeople • By 1500: • More and more peasants became legally free from the “manorial system” • Artisans & merchants constituted townspeople, diverse urban setting • Still a rather miserable life

12. Family & Marriage • Arranged marriages • Dowry (sum of $ paid by wife’s family to husband upon marriage) • Father is absolute head of household • Adulthood reached when children officially “freed” from father’s rule

13. Humanism • Renaissance marked by “secularism” or focus on the “individual” = Humanism • Humanism based on study of the “classics” (Greek & Roman literary works) • Humanists’ studied subjects such as: grammar, poetry, philosophy, history • Emphasized interest in civic life – serve mankind

14. Intellectual & Artistic Contributors • Petrarch (1304-1374) • Often called father of Renaissance • Gathered, recovered, and organized Latin manuscripts thus creating large collections or libraries for scholarly study • Humanists’ stressed using Latin

15. Intellectual & Artistic Contributors • Dante (1265-1321) • Famous work = Divine Comedy (soul’s journey to salvation)

16. Intellectual & Artistic Contributors • Chaucer (1343-1400) • Famous work = The Canterbury Tales (collection of stories – 29 pilgrims journeying to the tomb of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury, England)

17. Intellectual & Artistic Contributors • Christine de Pizan (1365-1430) • Famous work = The Book of the City of Ladies (denounced male scholars & writers that argued women, by nature, were unable to learn to level equal with men)

18. Intellectual & Artistic Contributors • Masaccio (1401-1428) • Famous work = Known for “fresco” painting – done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints Tribute Money

19. Intellectual & Artistic Contributors • Brunelleschi (1377-1446) • Famous work = architect, best known for cathedrals, especially Santa Maria del Fiore Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore

21. Intellectual & Artistic Contributors • Donatello (1386-1466) • Famous work = sculptor, best known for St. George and St. Mark statues in Florence St. George St. Mark

22. The Masters • Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) • “Renaissance Man” • Famous works = artist, painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist - best known for paintings Mona Lisa and The Last Supper The Last Supper Mona Lisa

23. The Masters • Michelangelo (1475-1564) • Famous works = painter, sculptor – best known for Sistine Chapel & David David Sistine Chapel, Rome

24. The Masters • Raphael (1483-1520) • Famous works = painter with countless achievements (Madonna paintings) Sistine Chapel Madonna School of Athens

25. The Northern Renaissance • The mingling of Renaissance ideas with Northern European culture created a unique Northern Renaissance SHAKESPEARE ERASMUS

26. The Northern Renaissance • Albrecht Durer- often considered the greatest painter of the Northern Renaissance DURER’S “ADORATION OF THE MAGI” ALBRECHT DURER-”SELF PORTRAIT”

27. The Northern Renaissance • Jan Van Eyck- Flemish painter who used innovative oil painting techniques “ARNOLFINI PORTRAIT” JAN VAN EYCK

28. The Northern Renaissance • Christian Humanists- used Renaissance ideals in an attempt to reform the Church and society • Desiderius Erasmus- wrote The Praise of Folly, which mocked society and a Christianity he believed had fled many of its core principles. • Thomas More- wrote Utopia, a description of an ideal society THOMAS MORE ERASMUS’ CENSORED WORK

29. The Northern Renaissance • William Shakespeare- Generally considered the greatest writer in the English language. Was inspired by Renaissance ideas and drew on the classics as inspiration.

30. The Northern Renaissance • Johann Gutenberg developed a new type of printing press using innovations from both Europe and China • One of the most important inventions ever • The printing press and vernacular literature combined to spread knowledge and human freedom in ways that seemed unimaginable prior to the Renaissance

31. The Protestant Reformation • Name given to religious reform that divided the western Christian Church into Catholic & Protestant groups • Humanism had an impact on movement that demanded reform of the Roman Catholic Church • Desiderius Erasmus – criticized the Church in his work The Praise of Folly for emphasizing practices (rites) over principles

32. Church Abuses • Many moved to criticize Church for perceived abuses & corrupt practices • Popes more concerned with political instead of spiritual matters • Church officials gained much wealth while most Christians suffered • Sale of indulgences (release from all or part of the punishment for sin) • Because literacy was spreading, people were forming their own opinions about theological matters Johann Tetzel’s sale of Indulgences: “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.’

33. Martin Luther • German monk and Professor at Wittenberg University– on Oct. 31, 1517 presented list of Ninety-five Theses objecting to Church practices • Believed man cannot do enough good works to earn salvation (original sin) • Instead, man is saved by God’s grace by way of FAITH = “Justification by Faith” • Catholic Church charged him with heresy & excommunicated him (1521) & declared him an outlaw via Edict of Worms 95 Theses

34. Fun Facts • Emperor Charles V- “A singe friar who goes counter to all Christianity for a thousand years must be wrong!” • 41 of the 95 Theses were condemned by the Pope. Luther burned the Pope’s reply and said, “it is an old custom to burn bad books.” • After the Edict of Worms, Luther’s books were to be burned and he was to be arrested, but Prince Frederick of Saxony hid him. • Luther created the modern Church service with Bible readings, preaching, and songs to replace the Catholic mass. • Many politicians and noblemen supported Luther because they were tired of the Church meddling in their affairs. • June 1524- German peasants revolt. Luther supports the nobles because he feels the State is necessary to maintain the peace necessary for the Gospel to spread.

35. Politics of Reformation • German princes mobilized behind Luther’s teachings as a way to oppose Monarch rule of Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor – Hapsburgs) • Charles V forced to settle peacefully = Peace of Augsburg (1555) • German states allowed to choose between Catholicism or Lutheranism

36. Spread of Protestantism • Ulrich Zwingli – priest introduced reforms in Switzerland, could not agree to alliance with Lutheranism • Killed 1531 in war between Catholic & Protestant states in Switzerland • Leadership in Switzerland passed on to John Calvin who held beliefs similar to Luther, however, he believed “God had determined in advance who would be saved” = predestination • By mid-16th Century, Calvinism replaces Lutheranism as largest form of Protestantism

37. Spread of Protestantism • Calvin forms a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland. Society was governed by a strict moral code. • Geneva becomes the most important Protestant city in Europe. • Calvin completed his enormously influential commentary on the Bible called “Institutes of the Christian Church”. • This work still forms the basis for the doctrine of many contemporary denominations. • The main points of Calvin’s theology are often summed up in the modern acronym T.U.L.I.P.

38. Reformation in England • King Henry VIII – desired annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon (no male heir) • He wants to marry Ann Boleyn • Pope Clement VII would not grant Henry a divorce; why? • In 1534 via Act of Supremacy England broke away from the Catholic Church formed Anglican Church or Church of England • How different was the Church of England from Catholicism?

39. Additional Protestant Groups • Some protestants adopted practice of “adult baptism” • Both Catholics and other Protestants assigned them the name “Anabaptists” and persecuted them • Today, many protestants practice adult baptism and the Mennonites and Amish are the most strict of the Anabaptist descendents

40. Catholic Reformation(Counter Reformation) • In response to Protestant Movement, the Church was forced to address reform: • Jesuits – The Society of Jesus led by Ignatius of Loyola, swore allegiance to the pope and used education to spread message • Council of Trent (1545) – met off and on over 18 years • Reaffirmed both works and faith necessary for salvation (“faith without works is dead”) • Selling of indulgences forbidden Council of Trent Ignatius of Loyola

41. Catholic Reformation(Counter Reformation) • The Catholic Church had to make difficult choices. In many cases, rather than give ground to Protestants, they chose to become more devoted to Church authority: Ignatius: "I will believe that the white that I see is black if the hierarchical Church so defines it.“ • Pope Paul III and Pope Paul IV provide leadership • Role of the Inquisition (esp. the Spanish Inquisition)

42. Legacy of the Reformation • Protestant Christianity becomes dominant Western religion • Both Protest Reformation and Catholic Reformation lead to increased education (ex: Colleges) • States gain power • Questioning of authority leads to democratic ideas and Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment