The Renaissance The Protestant Reformation The Scientific Revolution

1. The RenaissanceThe Protestant ReformationThe Scientific Revolution • Chapter 13

2. The Renaissance13-1and 13-2 • What does the Renaissance mean? • What were the reasons why Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance?

3. Italian Renaissance Art In the painting, what themes came from the Middle Ages? What themes are new from the Renaissance era? How do you know this is a Renaissance painting? Fra Angelico’s The Annunciation of Mary (c.1395-1455)

4. Renaissance writing How praiseworthy it is for a prince to keep his word and live with integrity rather than craftiness, everyone understands; yet . . . . those princes have accomplished most who paid little heed to keeping their promises, but who knew how craftily to manipulate the minds of men. Source: Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince 1513. What is the author’s main point? How does it reflect a Renaissance theme? (Hint: see Major Themes of the Renaissance on page 254)

5. Johann Gutenberg’sThe Printing Press 1450 • What effects did the invention of the printing press have on European society?

6. Italian Renaissance Art The School of Athens by Rafael,1509. How do you know this is art from the Italian Renaissance era?

7. What were elements of the new Renaissance spirit? And how may it have impacted Europe?

8. Northern Renaissance • As the moral authority of the Church weakened, popular preachers began to call for change. In England, John Wycliffe, an Oxford professor, attacked corruption in Church. Wycliffe insisted that the Bible, not the Church, was the source of Christian truth. His followers began translating the Bible into English so that people could read it themselves rather than rely on the clergy to interpret it. Wycliffe's strong views on the role of the people and the Church's wealth further irritated the Church. Czech students at Oxford carried Wycliffe's ideas to Bohemia - today's Czech Republic. There, Jan Huss, influenced by the writing of Wycliffe, led the call for reforms, supported by this followers, known as Hussites. • Source: World History by Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis, etc. vernacular = everyday language, like English What is the author’s main point? What 16th century event may have been prompted by his ideas? Explain how.

9. Protestant Reformation John Calvin Henry VIII Martin Luther

10. How did Henry VIII change? • Document A • ... we believe that no duty is more incumbent on a Catholic sovereign than to preserve and increase the Catholic faith. . . so when we learned that the pest of Martin Luther's heresy had appeared in Germany and was raging everywhere...we bent all our thoughts and energies on uprooting [those heresies] in every possible way.... • Source: King of England, Henry VIII's letter to the pope, 1521. • Document B • Albeit, the King's Majesty [and not the pope] justly and rightfully is and oweth to be the supreme head of the Church of England... • Source: Act of Supremacy passed in England in 1534. According to Document A, what seems to be the relationship between Henry VIII and the Catholic Church? According to Document B, what seems to be the relationship between Henry VIII and the Catholic Church? According to the above documents, what change occurred in the relationship between Henry VIII, King of England and the Catholic Church?

11. Scientific Revolution Is the above a diagram of the heliocentric or geocentric theory? How do you know? What does he have to do with Copernicus? Nicolaus Copernicus

12. Scientific Revolution List individuals that contributed to new knowledge in medicine and chemistry and describe their ideas.