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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. Major Endocrine Glands. Endocrine System. Called ductless glands because they have no ducts connecting them to specific body parts Secrete hormones released directly into the bloodstream.

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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  1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  2. Major Endocrine Glands

  3. Endocrine System • Called ductless glands because they have no ducts connecting them to specific body parts • Secrete hormones released directly into the bloodstream

  4. Endocrinology, the study of the endocrine glands, is an important branch of modern medicine. Endocrinologists are medical doctors who specialize in researching and treating disorders and diseases of the endocrine system.

  5. Endocrine System, group of specialized organs and body tissues that produce, store, and secrete chemical substances known as hormones.

  6. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by a tissue or organ and secreted directly into the bloodstream affecting specific target cells.

  7. Hormone effects • stimulation or inhibition of growth • induction or suppression of apoptosis (programmed cell death) • activation or inhibition of the immune system • regulation of metabolism • preparation for a new activity (e.g., fighting, fleeing, mating)

  8. Hormone effects • preparation for a new phase of life (e.g., puberty, caring for offspring, menopause) • controlling the reproductive cycle • In many cases, one hormone may regulate the production and release of other hormones

  9. How the System Works • Secreted directly into the bloodstream • Special proteins usually bind to them to keep them intact • Only a small fraction of the hormone circulates in the blood to affect the target tissue

  10. How the System Works • Receptors in the target tissue, bind with the hormones • Induction of chemical changes • Only minute concentrations are needed to achieve the desired effect

  11. Hormone Regulation • When one hormone stimulates the production of a second, the second suppresses the production of the first. Example:The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the release of estrogens from the ovarian follicle. A high level of estrogen, in turn, suppresses the further production of FSH.

  12. Hormone Regulation • Antagonistic pairs of hormones. Example:Insulin causes the level of blood sugar (glucose) to drop when it has risen. Glucagon causes it to rise when it has fallen.

  13. Hormone Regulation • Hormone secretion is increased (or decreased) by the same substance whose level is decreased (or increased) by the hormone. Example:A rising level of Ca+2 in the blood suppresses the production of the parathyroid hormone (PTH). A low level of Ca+2 stimulates it.

  14. The primary glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal body, and reproductive glands—the ovary and testis. The pancreas, an organ often associated with the digestive system, is also considered part of the endocrine system.

  15. Hypothalamus Gland • Found deep within the brain, directly controls the pituitary gland • Coordinator of the endocrine system. May secrete body chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the pituitary gland to affect the other glands • The primary link between the endocrine and nervous systems.

  16. Hypothalamus Gland

  17. Pituitary Gland • Often described as the master gland, the pituitary secretes several hormones that regulate the function of the other endocrine glands. • It is divided into two parts: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe.

  18. Pituitary Gland

  19. Pituitary Gland

  20. Click to open the link

  21. Thyroid Gland • The thyroid gland, located in the neck, secretes hormones in response to stimulation by TSH from the pituitary gland.

  22. Thyroid Gland

  23. Parathyroid Glands • The parathyroid glands are four small glands located at the four corners of the thyroid gland.

  24. Parathyroid Glands

  25. Adrenal Glands • Located on top of the kidneys • The outer part, called the adrenal cortex, produces a variety of hormones called corticosteroids, which include cortisol • The inner part, the adrenal medulla, produces catecholamines, such as epinephrine, also called adrenaline

  26. Adrenal Gland

  27. Pineal Gland/ Body • Located in the middle of the brain • Secretes melatonin, that may help regulate the wake-sleep cycle • Research has shown that disturbances in the secretion of melatonin are responsible, in part, for the jet lag associated with long-distance air travel.

  28. Pineal Gland

  29. Pancreas • Although part of the digestive system, it is also considered to be part of the endocrine system. The pancreas is positioned in the upper abdomen, just under the stomach.

  30. Pancreas: Islets of Langerhans

  31. Ovaries • Located in the pelvis and produce egg cells • They also secrete a number of female sex hormones, including estrogen and progesterone, which control development of the reproductive organs, stimulate the appearance of female secondary sex characteristics, and regulate menstruation and pregnancy.

  32. Ovaries

  33. Testes • Located in the scrotum, produce sperm cells and also secrete a number of male sex hormones, or androgens. • The androgens, the most important of which is testosterone, regulate development of the reproductive organs,stimulate male secondary sex characteristics, and stimulate muscle growth.

  34. Testes

  35. Animation Click to open the link

  36. Diseases • Diabetes insipidus is caused by a deficiency of vasopressin, one of the antidiuretic hormones (ADH) secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Patients often experience increased thirst and urination. Treatment is with drugs, such as synthetic vasopressin, that help the body maintain water and electrolyte balance.

  37. Diseases • Addison's disease is caused by decreased function of the adrenal cortex. Weakness, fatigue, abdominal pains, nausea, dehydration, fever, and hyperpigmentation (tanning without sun exposure) are among the many possible symptoms. Treatment involves providing the body with replacement corticosteroid hormones as well as dietary salt.

  38. Diseases • Cushing's syndrome is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, the subgroup of corticosteroid hormones that includes hydrocortisone, by the adrenal glands. Symptoms may develop over many years prior to diagnosis and may include obesity, physical weakness, easily bruised skin, acne, hypertension, and psychological changes. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or blockage of hormone production with drugs.

  39. Diseases • Acromegaly and gigantism are caused by a pituitary tumor that stimulates production of excessive growth hormone, causing abnormal growth in particular parts of the body. Acromegaly is rare and usually develops over many years in adult subjects. Gigantism occurs when the excess of growth hormone begins in childhood.

  40. Trivia • What organ is both an exocrine & endocrine gland? • The pancreas is an exocrine gland because it releases digestive juices to complete the breakdown carbohydrates into the small intestine. The pancreas is also an endocrine because it has clusters of cell (islets of Langerhans) that secrete hormones such as glucagon & insulin directly into the blood stream

  41. Trivia • Who is the tallest living man? • Radhouane Charbib at 2 m 35.9 cm (7 ft 8.9 in) • Who is the tallest living woman? • Sandy Allen at 2.31 m (7 ft 7 in) • Who is the tallest man? • Robert Pershing Wadlow at 272 cm(8 ft 11 in)

  42. Trivia • What is the tallest tribe? • The Tutsi(A.K.A the Watussi) • Average 1.83 m (6 ft) • What is the shortest tribe? • Mbutsi tribe • Average men's height137 cm (4 ft 6 in)

  43. SITES • http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/H/Hormones.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone • http://www.pharmacy-and-drugs.com/Hormones/ • http://www.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/hormone-table.html • http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/moaction/surface.html • http://www.spjc.cc.fl.us/spg/science/lancraft/bsc1086/content/endocrine.htm

  44. SITES • http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/basics/control.html • http://www.webmd.com/content/tools/1/iguide_diabetes_type1.htm (ANIMATION) • http://www.diabetes.com/ap010001.html (ANIMATION)

  45. Hyperlinks • http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574274/Endocrine.html • http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/endocrine.html • http://www.innerbody.com/image/endoov.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookENDOCR.html • http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/ • http://www.marylandneurosurgery.com/aniplayer/index.html • http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/

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