Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)

1. Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Safety Presentation by: Daniel Creech & Benjamin Wennink

2. Definition • Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) occurs when an airworthy aircraft under the complete control of the pilot is inadvertently flown into terrain, water, or an obstacle. The pilots are generally unaware of the danger until it is too late. Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Safety Presentation

3. CFIT Accidents Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Safety Presentation

4. Major CFIT Accidents • Garuda Indonesia Flight 152: Involved an Airbus A300 in Indonesia. There were no survivors (235 killed). • Korean Air 801: Involved a Boeing 747 in Guam. 228 died while 26 survived. • American Airlines 965: Involved a Boeing 757. Most deadly crash in Columbia. 159 Killed, 4 survived (they were all seated in the same row). Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Safety Presentation

5. CFIT #2 Biggest Accident Cause! Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Safety Presentation

6. Characteristics of a CFIT accident • Most CFIT accidents occur in the approach and landing phase of flight and are often associated with non-precision approaches. • Many CFIT accidents occur because of loss of situational awareness, particularly in the vertical plane, and many crash sites are on the centreline of an approach to an airfield. • Lack of familiarity with the approach or misreading of the approach plate are common causal factors, particularly where the approach features steps down in altitude from the initial approach fix to the final approach fix. Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Safety Presentation

7. Typical causes of a CFIT accident • Poor judgement/airmanship • Inadvertant procedural errors • Failure in CRM • Lack of positional awareness • Flight handling Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Safety Presentation

8. Risk Factors • Terrain • Non-precision apprach aids • Short runway • Current weather/unexpected weather conditions change Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Safety Presentation

9. Part 121.360 GPWS/EGPWS mandate Part 121.360 – Ground Proximity Warning-glide slope deviation alerting system (a) No person may operate a turbine-powered airplane unless it is equipped with a ground proximity warning system that meets the performance and environmental standards of TSO-C92 (available from the FAA, 800 Independence Avenue SW., Washington, DC 20591) or incorporates TSO-approved ground proximity warning equipment. (b) For the ground proximity warning system required by this section, the Airplane Flight Manual shall contain -- (1) Appropriate procedures for -- (i) The use of the equipment; (ii) Proper flightcrew action with respect to the equipment; (iii) Deactivation for planned abnormal and emergency conditions; (iv) Inhibition of Mode 4 warnings based on flaps being in other than the landing configuration if the system incorporates a Mode 4 flap warning inhibition control; and (2) An outline of all input sources that must be operating. (c) No person may deactivate a ground proximity warning system required by this section except in accordance with the procedures contained in the Airplane Flight Manual. (d) Whenever a ground proximity warning system required by this section is deactivated, an entry shall be made in the airplane maintenance record that includes the date and time of deactivation. (e) No person may operate a turbine-powered airplane unless it is equipped with a ground proximity warning/glide slope deviation alerting system that meets the performance and environmental standards contained in TSO-C92a or TSO-C92b or incorporates TSO-approved ground proximity warning-glide slope deviation alerting equipment. (f) No person may operate a turbojet powered airplane equipped with a system required by paragraph (e) of this section, that incorporates equipment that meets the performance and environmental standards of TSO-C92b or is approved under that TSO, using other than Warning Envelopes 1 or 3 for Warning Modes 1 and 4. Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Safety Presentation

10. EGPWS – how does it work? • 2000’ – 1000’ below  Light intensity green dots • 1000’ – 500’ below  Medium intensity green dots • 500’ below – 1000’ above  Light intensity yellow dots • 1000’ – 2000’ above  Medium intensity yellow dots • 2000’ and above  High intensity red dots Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Safety Presentation

11. EGPWS – how does it work? Con’t • 1 min from dangerous terrain, voice alert “caution terrain” is heard twice. • Alert will repeat after 7 seconds when threat is still present. • If no action is taken after 30 seconds the voice caution: “terrain terrain pull up pull up” is heard. Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Safety Presentation

12. CFIT Accident Prevention • Equipment • Training • SOP’s • Elements of a sabilized approach • Use of the radio altimeter • All crew members involved • Use of (E)GPWS • Go-around • Knowing where you are • ATC communications • Follow the procedures • Respond to a (E)GPWS alert Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Safety Presentation

13. Conclusion • Pull up when warned • Use SOP’s • Together with proper preflight planning • Use the approach briefing plan • Be familiar with the terrain • Do not depend on ATC to warn you for terrain • Be aware that ATC heading instructions VFR will not provide adequate terrain clearence • GPS unit will help GA operations in awareness Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Safety Presentation

14. References • http://en.wikipedia.org • http://www.skybrary.aero • http://www.faa.gov • Wilson’s slides from class Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Safety Presentation

15. Thank you Safety Presentation by: Daniel Creech & Benjamin Wennink