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Traffic Psychology, Road Safety, and Health: The Decade of Action

Traffic Psychology, Road Safety, and Health: The Decade of Action. The United Nations: Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011-2020).

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Traffic Psychology, Road Safety, and Health: The Decade of Action

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  1. Traffic Psychology, Road Safety, and Health:The Decade of Action

  2. The United Nations: Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011-2020) • “The Decade of Action for Road Safety can help all countries drive along the path to a more secure future…Today, partners around the world are releasing national or citywide plans for the Decade…Together, we can save millions of lives.” • UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon

  3. Road Safety Statistics 1.2 million die in road traffic crashes each year Approximately 50 million are injured or disabled by collisions each year Every day 3,500 die in a road crash Speed contributes to at least 30% of crashes and deaths For every 1 km/hr reduction in average speed, there’s a 2% reduction in crashes World Health Organization (2005) The United Nations has declared 2011-2020 as the Decade of Action for Road Safety

  4. Road Safety Statistics • 90% of road casulties are from developing countries • 1.9 million road deaths forecast for 2020 • Traffic injuries are the #1 cause of death for young people worldwide • Economic cost to developing countries approx. $100 billion/yr. • By 2015, traffic injuries will be the leading health burden for children over 5 yrs.

  5. www.tc.gc.ca/eng/roadsafety/tp-tp15145-1201.htm

  6. www.tc.gc.ca/eng/roadsafety/tp-tp15145-1201.htm

  7. www.tc.gc.ca/eng/roadsafety/tp-tp15145-1201.htm

  8. Public Health Agency of Canada (2012). Injury in review: Spotlight on road and transport safety, 2012 Edition. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada.

  9. Public Health Agency of Canada (2012). Injury in review: Spotlight on road and transport safety, 2012 Edition. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada.

  10. www.tc.gc.ca/eng/roadsafety/tp-tp15145-1201.htm

  11. Public Health Agency of Canada (2012). Injury in review: Spotlight on road and transport safety, 2012 Edition. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada.

  12. Public Health Agency of Canada (2012). Injury in review: Spotlight on road and transport safety, 2012 Edition. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada.

  13. What is traffic psychology? • Definition: the study of the behaviour of road users and the psychological processes underlying that behaviour (Rothengatter, 1997). • There is no single theoretical framework for the field, but rather several competing models, many of which are drawn from social psychology (e.g., Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour, driver stress, the General Aggression Model, risk compensation, personality theory etc. • Glendon (2011) identified 174 theories, conceptual frameworks, or models with a psychological component in his review. Source: Rothengatter, T. (1997). Psychological aspects of road user behavior. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 223-234.

  14. Traffic Psychology’s Roots Ergonomics/human factors Cognitive psychology Clinical psychology Social psychology Personality psychology Environmental psychology Perceptual processes Behavior modification Epidemiology

  15. A Large Proportion of Vehicle Crashes are Attributable to Behavioral Issues Distraction Aggression Vision & Perceptual errors Perception of risk Fatigue/sleep deprivation Drug & alcohol consumption Inadequate training And the list goes on…and on…

  16. Issues for Psychology’s Involvement Alcohol Drugs/OTC medications Aggressive driving/attributional processes Driver education Driver assessment/licencing Sleep/fatigue Aging Young drivers Media influences Way-finding Program evaluation Anger management Risky drivers (street racing/stunt driving) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Rehabilitation programs Stress reduction Medical conditions & fitness to drive Distraction Risk perception & risk evaluation Development of assessment tools Informatics in vehicles Bicycles,motorcycles,pedestrians (VRUs)

  17. Journals Accident Analysis and Prevention Transportation Research, Part F Journal of Safety Research Human Factors Ergonomics Safety Science Applied Ergonomics Personality and Individual Differences Work and Stress Basic and Applied Social Psychology Aggressive Behavior Violence and Victims

  18. Canadian Association of Road Safety Professionals (CARSP) International Association of Applied Psychology (Division 13: Traffic and Transportation Psychology) Professional Organizations

  19. Behaviours that could be studied on roadways: Prosocial behaviours (helping, courtesy, cooperation, etc.) Anti-social behaviours (aggression, violence, vengeance, etc.) Social influence processes (conformity, modelling, norm formation, etc.) Deindividuation Cognitive processes (attention, distraction, workload) Perceptual processes Wayfinding & route learning Stress and coping

  20. Aggressive Driving: Interventions Technological Solutions: Radar cameras recording licence plate data Sending e-mail/texting to other drivers who registered to receive these communications from other motorists Speed camera lotteries awarding cash prizes to those drivers recorded driving below the speed limit. Contacting police via cell phones Signs in automobiles that communciate apologies for driving errors Source: Wiesenthal, D. L., Lustman, M., & Roseborough, J. (In press). Aggressive driving: Current perspectives in theory and research. In A. Smiley (Ed.), Human factors in traffic safety (3rd edition). Tucson, AZ: Lawyers & Judges Publishing Co.

  21. Aggressive Driving: Interventions Psychological Strategies Cognitive behavior therapy for drivers diagnosed with Intermittent Explosive Disorder (DSM) through court orders Feedback from passengers Music listening Deep breathing relaxation therapy Source: Wiesenthal, D. L., Lustman, M., & Roseborough, J. (In press). Aggressive driving: Current perspectives in theory and research. In A. Smiley (Ed.), Human factors in traffic safety (3rd edition). Tucson, AZ: Lawyers & Judges Publishing Co.

  22. Aggressive Driving: Interventions • Legislation aimed at specific offences (e.g., stunt driving, street racing, burnouts) • Increased police apprehension of speeding, distracted drivers, drinking drivers, etc. • Media campaigns against drinking driving, Australian pinky wiggling commercials, etc. • Promotion of mass transportation. • Prohibiting dangerous driving depictions in television commercials Source: Wiesenthal, D. L., Lustman, M., & Roseborough, J. (In press). Aggressive driving: Current perspectives in theory and research. In A. Smiley (Ed.), Human factors in traffic safety (3rd edition). Tucson, AZ: Lawyers & Judges Publishing Co.

  23. What is an “accident”? An unforeseen an unplanned event or circumstance. An unfortunate event resulting especially from carelessness or ignorance. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary

  24. Conceptualizing “Accidents” Accidents don’t just happen Determinism versus fatalism: determinism is the scientific belief that events have a cause. Fatalism is the belief that mishaps are predestined by fate or supernatural forces

  25. Victim Blaming Bad drivers cause accidents. Stems from the belief that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people.

  26. OUTCOME: Safe Trip Or Mishap Driver Vehicle Environment

  27. We often focus on only one aspect of this trinity, while ignoring the others, along with the complexity of their interrelationships.

  28. Road safety management Safer roads & mobility Safer vehicles Five Pillars of Road Safety Safer road users Post-crash response

  29. The Blind Men and the ElephantJohn G. Saxe(1816–1887) Reality Perception

  30. Conceptualizing Driving Human-machine system Social system Human-environment system Environment-vehicle system Competitive activity Recreational activity Expressive activity Instrumental activity

  31. A useful way to conceptualize road safety is the journalist’s 5 Ws and and an H Who (driver) What (vehicle) Where (environment) When (time) Why (risk factors) How (description/analysis of the mishap)

  32. Who Age Gender Previous driving offences History of criminal offences Frequency of driving Driving licence classification Stress level Mood state Learning history

  33. What Vehicle type Safety features of vehicle Mechanical fitness of vehicle Quality of lighting

  34. Where Location of mishap Type of roadway Quality/Clarity of signage Quality of road maintenance Presence of obstacles on roadway

  35. When Weather conditions Season Time of day Day of week Driver’s circadian rhythm

  36. Why Driver inexperience Driver inattention/distraction Aggressive/vengeful driving Alcohol/drug involvement Poor visibility Attempt to avoid road hazard Excessive speed Failure to signal intentions Density of traffic may trigger antisocial behaviours

  37. How Description/analysis of mishap Reconstruction of mishap Role of simulation

  38. A variety of perspectives is most likely to yield positive results!

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