Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry

1. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry https://youtu.be/KxQpssQKPZI Topic 10.1

2. functional groups are the reactive part of molecules • they determine the class of chemical being referred to • see hand out giving: • class – functional group – suffix – general formula - example

4. The following three slides are really not necessary anymore.See the hand out given in class

5. Compounds up to 6 carbon atoms with functional groups

6. Compounds up to 6 carbon atoms with functional groups

8. Alcohols: suffix = “-ol” propan-1-ol propan-2-ol 2-methyl propan-2-ol https://youtu.be/HuW3Rp1bj2k?list=PLaySzQJTCO1ljKT9Qc1J04EB7FRwZyXoT

9. https://youtu.be/65yxWnpkC1Q Aldehydes: suffix = “-al” propanal Note: an aldeyhde group is always on an end carbon so don’t need a number butandianal

11. https://youtu.be/muXSkjFVfzw Ketones: suffix = “-one” propanone (don’t need C# with only three carbons) butanone (don’t need C#, only four carbons) penta-2-one

12. butandione pentan-3-one

13. Butan-2-one

14. Carboxylic Acids: suffix = “-oic acid” butanoic acid Note: a carboxyl is always on an end carbon propandioic acid

15. Halogenalkanes: prefixes = “fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo” 1-bromopropane 2-chlorobutane 1,2-diiodoethane 1,2-difluoroethene 1,2-difluoroethene 1,1,2-trifluoroethene

16. Esters:suffix = “-oate” • two chains interrupted by an oxygen • one chain is based on the chain containing the single bonded O • this chain come first in the name • the other chain is based on the chain including the carbonyl group. • this chain has the ending “oate” on it

18. Ethers: You should know ethers for IB but I’m not going to test you on it. http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/orgnom/ethers/ethers-01.html

19. with reference to the carbon that is directly bonded to a hydroxyl or a halogen Primary = carbon atom is only bonded to one other carbon Secondary = carbon atom is bonded to two other carbons Tertiary = carbon atom is bonded to three other carbons Identify primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms in alcohols (-OH) and halogenoalkanes (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I)

22. Aromatic hydrocarbons • contain a benzene ring • the name of the class come from the fact that many of them have strong, pungent aromas • an unsaturated carbon where the double bonds resonateback and forth with the single bonds

23. physical evidence for its structure • benzene crystallizes when cooled • analysis of this showed that all six C-C bonds had identical lengths (140 pm) • this allows the molecule to be symmetrical instead of the different lengths associated with singe (154 pm) and double (134 pm) • chemical evidence for its structure • does not react as other unsaturated carbons do when adding hydrogen (hydrogenation) to them • Richard Thornley 10.1 (start at 3:20)

24. I don’t think the following slides are in Topic 10 anymore. However, they should look familiar from Topic 4 since it is still relevant to the class.

25. Volatility: how easily a substance turns into a gas the stronger the intermolecular force, the less volatile it is ionic › hydrogen bonding › dipole-dipole › van der Wall’s therefore volatility from highest to lowest… alkane (only Van der Wall’s) › halogenoalkane › aldehyde › ketone › amine › alcohol (H bonding) › carboxylic acid (H bonding) Discuss the volatility and solubility in water of compounds

27. Boiling Points

28. Solubility: a solute’s ability to dissolve in a polar solvent (water) the more polar a substance is, the more soluble it is solubility decreases as chain length increases smaller alcohols, aldehydes, ketones & carboxylic acids are typically soluble they are all polar as is water