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Drug Chemistry

Drug Chemistry. Chapter 19. In this unit…. Curative Drugs Regulatory Drugs Preventative Drugs Analgesic and Anesthetic Drugs “Recreational” Drugs. Curative Drugs. Drugs that treat disease Infectious disease: external organisms Viral Bacterial Fungi Yeast

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Drug Chemistry

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  1. Drug Chemistry Chapter 19

  2. In this unit… • Curative Drugs • Regulatory Drugs • Preventative Drugs • Analgesic and Anesthetic Drugs • “Recreational” Drugs

  3. Curative Drugs • Drugs that treat disease • Infectious disease: external organisms • Viral • Bacterial • Fungi • Yeast • Life disease: illness from how we live • Environmental pollutants • Diet and exercise • Consumption of “recreational” substances

  4. Curative Drugs • Infectious Disease • Penicillin: antibiotic • Discovered accidentally in 1928 by Alexander Fleming • Benefits • Kills bacteria by inhibiting enzymes needed to build cell walls • Does not affect our cells: no cell walls • Multiple types are effective • Problems • Allergies • Drug resistance Source: http://www.medicaltox.com/images/mycoto1.jpg

  5. Curative Drugs • Life Disease • Cancer: our own cells mutate, grow out of control • Alkylating agents: transfer foreign alkyl groups to molecules, block usual modes of action • Nitrogen mustards (similar to mustard gas chemical warfare) • Anti-metabolites: inhibit nucleic acid synthesis • Cisplatin binds to DNA and blocks replication

  6. Regulatory Drugs • Regulate physical systems • Endocrine system: hormones • Chemical messenger produced in a gland that effects changes in other parts of the body • Brain • Adrenals • Sex organs Source: http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/endocrine/images/major-endo.gif

  7. Regulatory Drugs • Hormones produced in the brain • Oxytocin: smooth muscle contraction, milk secretion • Labor inducer • Human growth hormone (HGH): general body and bone growth • Children • Fountain of youth? Source: http://opbs.okstate.edu/~petracek/CHAPTER%2029%20FIGS/Fig%2029-24.JPG

  8. Regulatory Drugs • Hormones produced in the adrenals • Cortisol: conversion of proteins  carbohydrates • Immunosuppressant: anaphylactic shock & severe allergies (hydrocortisone can counter) • Fight-or-flight responses: increased blood pressure, increased glucose production • Weight loss miracle? • Adrenaline: prepare body for emergency • Fight-or-flight responses Source: http://clinical.medicalengineer.co.uk/cortisol.jpg

  9. Regulatory Drugs • Hormones produced in the sex organs: steroids • All synthesized from cholesterol • Estrogen: stimulates female characteristics • Regulates menstrual cycle • Testosterone: stimulates male characteristics • Presence determines sex of a fetus • Misuse Source: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/steroid_3.gif

  10. Source: http://www.usnews.com/usnews/images/health/photos/book051028.jpg Source: http://www.news.ucdavis.edu/photos_images/news_images/09-2005/brain_lg.jpg Source: http://www.pregnancy.mb.ca/cpc-adr.htm Preventative Drugs • Prevent certain conditions • Mental illness • Heart attack • Pregnancy

  11. The Brain • Neuron • Axon • Cell body • Dendrite • Neurotransmitter Vessicle • Synaptic Gap • Neurotransmitter • Dendrite receptor 1 2 3 4 5 Source: http://assets.families.com/Encyclopedias/dat_01_img0042.jpg

  12. The Brain: Neurotransmitters • Serotonin • Made from amino acid tryptophan • Roles • Mood regulation • Mental illness • Sleep • Emesis (vomiting) • Sexuality • Appetite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serotonin&printable=yes

  13. The Brain: Neurotransmitters • Norepinephrine (also called noradrenaline) • Made from amino acid tyrosine • Roles • Attention • Impulsivity • Fight-or-Flight responses • Heart rate • Energy • Muscle readiness Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norepinephrine&printable=yes

  14. The Brain: Neurotransmitters • Dopamine • Made from amino acid tyrosine • Roles • Sympathetic nervous system (heart rate, blood pressure) • Movement • Parkinson’s disease • Cognitive functions: memory, attention, problem-solving • Pleasure Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine

  15. The Brain: Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine • Made from vitamin choline • Roles • Excitatory actions • Stress • Muscle contraction • Brain function • Alzheimer’s Disease Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine

  16. Preventative Drugs • Preventing symptoms of mental illness • Neurotransmitter imbalance: levels too high or low • Norepinephrine: manic (too high), depression (too low), bipolar disorder • Serotonin: depression, lack of pleasure and sensory perception (too low) • Drugs can: • mimic or enhance actions of neurotransmitters • control message delivery Source: http://www.about-depression.com/symptoms-of-depression/images/img02-01.jpg

  17. Preventative Drugs • Preventing heart attack • Hypertension: blood pressure above 140/90 • Diuretics: reduce blood volume • Coronary artery disease: blocked arteries • Nitrogylcerin: dilate blood vessels to increase blood flow and decrease heart workload Source: www1.accsnet.ne.jp

  18. Preventative Drugs • Preventing pregnancy • “The Pill”: progestins • Send a false signal of pregnancy: no ovulation, no chance of conception • DES and RU-486 • Induce abortion by causing sloughing of the uterine lining and fertilized egg • Moral and ethical implications Source: http://www.bible.ca/s-premarital-sex.htm

  19. Analgesic and Anesthetic Drugs • Analgesics: pain relieving • NSAIDS: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs • Aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, naproxen • Anesthetics: physical depressant • Unconsciousness and general insensitivity to pain

  20. Analgesic and Anesthetic Drugs • Analgesics • Aspirin: acetylsalicylic acid • First found in willow bark as early as 5th Century B.C. • Actions • Reduce pain and inflammation by inhibiting chemical messengers (prostaglandins) • Reduce fever by inhibiting same chemical messengers • Affect blood platelets, kidneys, GI tract, liver, allergy Source: http://www.greatbigstuff.com/prodpics/aspirin-blank.jpg

  21. Analgesic and Anesthetic Drugs • Anesthetics • General: depress conductivity of neurons • Early: chloroform, ether • Many side-effects and narrow safety margins • Modern: fluorine-containing alkanes • Local: blocks areas of the body from sending pain messages to the brain • Lidocaine, novocaine: based on structure of cocaine Source: http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/kidney/anesthetic.jpg

  22. “Recreational” Drugs • Produce or enhance multiple sensations • Depressants • Narcotics • Stimulants • Psychedelics • All are addictive • Many are fatal when abused

  23. “Recreational” Drugs • Depressants • Alcohol: slow down physical and mental activity • When metabolized, acts on opiate receptors • Drunk driving • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Source: http://home.egge.net/~savory/carcrash.jpg Source: http://www.niichro.com/FHealing%20Hearts/heal_4.html

  24. “Recreational” Drugs • Narcotics: produce narcosis (stupor or general anesthesia) and analgesia (pain relief) • Morphine: isolated from opium • Acts on opiate receptors in brain • Natural opiates: endorphins • Heroin: derived from morphine • Stronger feelings of euphoria than morphine • More addictive than morphine Source: http://www.espace-sciences.org/science/images/images-maj/Perso/question_OF/morphine.jpg

  25. “Recreational” Drugs • Stimulants: mimic actions of adrenaline and norepinephrine • Methamphetamines: fight-or-flight • Increases dopamine levels (“high”, addiction) • Has been used in weight loss, depression & narcolepsy • Caffeine: blocks brain’s sleep receptors • Also stimulates fight-or-flight responses (increased heartbeat & respiration, increased blood glucose, adrenaline production, blood flow decreases to extremities and increases to muscles & vital organs) • Increases dopamine levels (addiction) • Body in state of high alert = jumpy, irritable, headache • Large doses  chromosome damage Source: http://images.animationfactory.com/imagedir/animations/web_text_h_o/misc_text/caffeine_jitters/caffeine_jitters_lg_nwm.gif

  26. “Recreational” Drugs • Psychedelics: change brain’s perception of reality • Marijuana: tetranydrocannabinol (cannabis) • Mimics a natural substance in the brain that activates brain’s reward system: euphoria • Legitimate uses: glaucoma (reduces eye pressure) and chemotherapy (relieves nausea) • PCP • Similar to substance made naturally in our bodies only in extreme circumstances • Near-death experiences, hallucinations, schizophrenics • Stored in fat cells: flashbacks when metabolized

  27. Final Thoughts • Are drugs good? • Relieve pain, prevent and cure disease • Prolong and improve quality of life • Plants: put on earth for our use • Are drugs bad? • Abuse and dependency • Can bring pain, suffering and death if misused

  28. Final Thoughts • “Teach your sons and daughters to avoid illegal drugs as they would the plague. They cannot so abuse their bodies, they cannot so build within themselves vicious and enslaving appetites without doing incalculable damage. Build within them an utter abhorrence of such.” Discourses of President Gordon B. Hinkley, p. 32 • “We should not use drugs except when they are necessary as medicine.” Gospel Principles, Chapter 29

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