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Environmental Stressors

Environmental Stressors. ~Social Psychology~. Presented By: Alisha Morrison & Angelica Zinke. Overview of the Stress Paradigm. Definition of Stress & Health Why Stress can be Difficult to Define Response Based Definitions Situational Based Definitions Relational Interactive Definitions .

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Environmental Stressors

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  1. Environmental Stressors

    ~Social Psychology~ Presented By: Alisha Morrison & Angelica Zinke
  2. Overview of the Stress Paradigm Definition of Stress & Health Why Stress can be Difficult to Define Response Based Definitions Situational Based Definitions Relational Interactive Definitions
  3. Characteristics of Stressors Four General Types: Definitions... Cataclysmic Events Stressful Life Events Daily Hassles Ambient Stressors
  4. Eight Dimensions of Environmental Stressors 1. Degree to which stressor is perceptually salient 2. Type of adjustment required 3. Value or valence of events 4. Degree of controllability 5. Predictability of the stressor 6. Necessity and Importance of the source 7. Duration 8. Periodicity
  5. Models of Environmental Stressors Derived from: Psychological & Physiological Traditions 1. Stimulation Level 2. Adaption & Coping 3. Control 4. Predictability 5. System Models
  6. Effects of Stressors 1. Physiological Effects 2. Task Performance 3. Affect and Interpersonal Behaviour 4. Observation: Verbal & Non-Verbal Indicators 5. Adaption
  7. Examples of Stressors & Effects Ex. Aircrafts Munich Study
  8. Examples of Stressors & Effects Ex. Trains Manhattan Study
  9. Examples of Stressors & Effects Ex. Urban Commuting Swedish Study
  10. Examples of Stressors & Effects Ex. Prison Overcrowding Georgia Study
  11. Perceptions of Noise It is important to realize that the term ‘noise’ is extremely subjective Just as one person’s trash is another person’s treasure, one person’s noise is another person’s music Example: Study habits
  12. Social Impacts of Community Noise Airplanes, trains and construction all contribute to community noise Over 70 million Americans live in residential areas with noise levels high enough to produce dissatisfaction Apart from a few specific areas, many homes near noise sources are of lower market value Creates a possible cycle of continuity No demographic is exempt of community noise
  13. Can Community Noise be Avoided or Managed? Aiding factors in managing community noise: Removing yourself from the proximity of the noise Wearing protective ear gear Asking the individual to lower their noise level Creating an alternative environment
  14. When the Noise Is Inescapable When noise is perceived as a nuisance, there are physical and psychological events that occur When stressed, the body releases hormones as a coping mechanism (ex. Cortisol and Cytokins)
  15. When the Noise is Inescapable: Short-term Effects Increased physiological arousal levels Decreased attention span and focus Decrease in feelings of environmental control Increased blood pressure Ex. The Hulk
  16. When the Noise is Inescapable: Long-term Effects Ethical boundaries Field research restrictions Much of the studies conducted have included children as subjects Children’s developmental patterns are easier to compare Wider range of testing areas available Longer periods of ‘natural’ exposure to noise Expression has not yet been hindered by societal moulding
  17. Long-term Effects: Los Angeles Noise Project Longitudinal study conducted in (year) investigating the effects of community noise from an airport on the learning progress of young children
  18. Results of the Los Angeles Study In the first year there was a large difference between the children in the noisy classroom group and those in the quiet classroom group Noisy classroom group illustrated: Increased blood pressure Difficulty distinguishing sounds in language Signs of learned helplessness Habituation to noise and deliberate distractions in performing certain tasks However this difference did not continue past a period of two years
  19. Lester B. Pearson International Airport Study The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential impact of additional plane runways
  20. Lester B. Pearson International Airport Study Noise investigation areas Single noise events Cumulative noise exposure Change in Level Interpretation of Change0-2 dB.............................................Generally not noticeable 2-5 dB.............................................May be noticeable Over 5 dB.......................................Generally noticeable
  21. Lester B. Pearson International Airport Study Subject investigation areas related to those who would immediately be affected by the change Such areas included the following: Residents Children in schools and daycares around Those in nursing homes and hospitals Employees
  22. Lester B. Pearson International Airport Study Potential interactions between the immediate subjects and their psychological processes were studied Areas investigated include the following: Mental activity Learning Rest and sleep Annoyance Auditory/non-auditory health effects
  23. Community Noise and Government Policy Community noise is recognized as a health hazard by the government. As such, there are guidelines for... Pregnant females and unborn infant exposure Municipal by-laws regarding public transit and listening to music Municipal by-laws regarding music playing curfews in neighbourhoods Government and media websites regarding the health effects of intense noise Consumer products innovated to produce less noise
  24. Municipal By-law Regulating Noise BRAMPTON: Noise By-Law 93-84“To Prohibit and Regulate Noise” states that: “… a person shall not, within the City of Brampton, make, create, cause, or cause or permit to be made, noises likely to disturb the inhabitants.”
  25. Municipal By-law Regarding Noise Continued... ARTICLE II (TORONTO) General Provisions § 591-2. General prohibition. No person shall make, cause or permit noise or vibration, at any time, which is likely to disturb the quiet, peace, rest, enjoyment, comfort or convenience of the inhabitants of the City.
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