Mtra. Marcela Álvarez Pérez Política de Estados Unidos 2

1. Historia de Estados Unidos Mtra. Marcela Álvarez Pérez Política de Estados Unidos 2

2. Gobierno en la época Colonial • 157 años de “representación” en las asambleas coloniales • Asamblea de Virginia: Cuerpo Representativo • Gobernarse a sí mismos  reunión anual de 2 BURGUESES de c/plantación para aconsejar al Gobernador • Burgueses electos por los habitantes de la plantación = representantes • Diferencia con el Parlamento: COMPAÑÍA = intereses comerciales  ACCIONISTAS • “…to have power to make and ordaine whatsoever laws and orders should by them be thougthgood and proffittable for our subsistence” (p.3) • Profitable: rentable, lucrativo, redituable, provechoso, útil, beneficioso

3. Organismos independientes • Decisiones conjuntas • “democracia” directa

4. Evolución del sistema: • Massachusetts los hombres libres envían representantes  Courtof Assistants: consejeros autorizados • “actuar en su nombre (representación) en asuntos públicos” • Necesidad de cuerpo representativo: • Practicidad: crecimiento poblacional • Grandes números obstaculizan el debate • Movilidad: • Inseguridad por los indios • Perjudicial a asuntos privados: familiares, negocios

5. Sólo en reunión anual  apoderados  “extravíos”, falta de oportunidad de “consejo” 1 c/10 • Variaciones: • Opcionalidad de la representación/presencia en la asamblea • Número determinado de delegados por condado • Colonias posteriores: asambleas desde el inicio • Problemática: título, cualificaciones, • Burgueses, Diputados, Delegados1703 Representantes

6. Propuestas: hombres de la mayor notoriedad por su virtud, sabiduría y habilidad (Pen); cualquiera que pudiera votar por un representante podía serlo leyes de c/colonia (freemen/freeholders) • Dependiendo el valor total de su propiedad  límites/características establecidas en cada colonia • Súbditos británicos nacidos en GB o naturalizados • Límite de edad, asentamiento, tierras limpiadas/mejoradas • Integridad moral, buena conversación • Prohibición a los alcohólicos, blasfemos, escandalosos, adúlteros, etc.  “pecadores” • Residencia no tan importante: sólo poseer tierras en el lugar

7. “Pero incluso más importante que las cualificaciones formales una restricción informal era impuesta rutinariamente. Esta era la norma colonial de deferencia, un sentimiento entre las masas de que la ocupación de cargos era mejor dejarla a una élite económica desinteresada” (Squire, p.6) • “Chuse not Men whose Abilities, Probity and Fortune, are not well known to you; for when you have chosen them, it will be too late to know them” (New York Gazette Revived in the Weekly Post-Boy 1751)

8. Sufragio: 80% adultos, hombres, blancos • % “apropiados” para el puesto? • Nuevos problemas: • voluntad de los miembros de la elite para “servir”  compensación/incentivo financiero • Proporcionalidad Costos • Crecimiento poblacional sin aumento de representantes  prohibición británica

9. España, Francia, Gran Bretaña, Holanda • Principal diferencia: sociedades inglesas, francesas y holandesas  agricultura y asentamientos permanentes vida familiar • Reproducción rápida tras primeras dificultades  superioridad numérica sobre nativos

11. LLEGADA DE LOS INGLESES • Primer contacto: John Cabot (GiovaniCaboto), 1497, buscando pasaje por el noroeste (Enrique VII) • Interés en colonización: • Respuesta a los problemas socioeconómicos de la Inglaterra del S. XVI • Guerras frecuentes y costosas • Lucha religiosa dentro del país • Fuerte transformación económica del campo: la demanda de lana estaba transformando los campos en pasturas • reducción de tierra disponible para agricultura: cantidad de alimentos en declive frente a una población en crecimiento. • El nuevo mundo era atractivo porque ofrecía tierra

12. Relación Tierra-Poder • América • Gran Bretaña (Europa)

13. Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh March 25 1584 • Sir Walter Raleigh explora la costa y llama el territorio “Virginia” • ELIZABETH, by the Grace of God of England, Fraunce and Ireland Queene, defender of the faith, &c. To all people to whome these presents shall come, greeting. Knoweyee that of our especial grace, certaine science, and meere motion. . . . we give and graunt to our trustie and welbeloved servant Walter Ralegh, Esquire, and to his heiresassignes for ever, free libertie and licence from time to time, and at all times for ever hereafter, to discover, search, finde out, and view such remote, heathen and barbarous lands, countries, and territories, not actually possessed of any Christian Prince, nor inhabited by Christian People, as to him. . . . shall seeme good, and the same to have, holdeoccupie and enjoy to him. . . . for ever, with all prerogatives, . . . thereto or thereabouts both by sea and land, whatsoever we by our letters patent may graunt. . . . and the said Walter Ralegh, his heires and assignes. . . . shall goe or travaile thither to inhabite or remaine, there to build and fortifie, at the discretion of the said Walter Ralegh, . . .

14. And we do likewise . . . give and graunt full authoritie, libertie and power to the said Walter Ralegh. . . . that he . . . shall . . . have, take, and leade in the saide voyage, and travaile thitherward, or to inhabit there with him, or them, and every or any of them, such and so many of our subjects as shall willingly accompanie him or them. . . . And further that the said Walter Ralegh, . . . shall have . . . all the soile of all such lands, territories, and Countreis, so to bee discovered and possessed as aforesaide, and of all such Cities, castles, townes, villages, and places in the same, with the right, royalties, franchises, and jurisdictions, as well marine as other within the saidelandes, or Countreis, or the seas thereunto adjoining, to be had, or used, with full power to dispose thereof, and of every part in fee-simple or otherwise, according to the order of the lawes of England. . . . : reserving always to us our heires, and successors, for all services, duties, and demaundes, the fift part of all the oare of golde and silver, that from time to time, and at all times shal be there gotten and obtained: . . .

15. And moreover, we doe . . . give and grauntlicence to the said Walter Ralegh, . . . that he. . . . shall and may . . . for his and their defence, encounter and expulse, repell and resist . . . all . . . as without the especiall liking and licence of the said Walter Ralegh. . . . shall attempt to inhabite within the said Countreis. . . . or within the space of two hundreth leagues neere to the place or places within such Countreis.... where the saideWalter Ralegh, . . . shall within sixe yeeres . . . make their dwellings. . . . And for uniting in more perfect league and amitie, of such Countreis, landes, and territories so to bee possessed and inhabited as aforesaide with our Realmes of Englande, and Ireland, and the better incouragement of men to these enterprises: we do . . . declare that all such Countreis, so hereafter to be possessed and inhabited as is aforesaide, from thencefoorth shall bee of the allegiance of us, our heires and successours. And wee doe graunt to the saideWalter Ralegh, . . . and to all and every of them, . . . that they . . . being either borne within our saideRealmes of Englande. . . . shall and may have all the priviledges of free Denizens, and persons native of England. . . .

16. And . . . we . . . do give and graunt to the said Walter Ralegh, . . . that hee . . . shall, within the said mentioned remote landes . . . have full and meere power and authoritie to correct, punish, pardon, governe, and rule by their and every or any of their good discretions and pollicies, as well in causes capital, or criminall, as civil. . . . all such our subjects as shall from time to time adventure themselves in the said journies or voyages, or that shall at any time hereafter inhabite any such landes, countreis, or territories as aforesaide. . . . according to such statutes, lawes and ordinances, as shall bee by him the saideWalter Ralegh . . . devised, or established, for the better government of the said people as aforesaid. So always as the said statutes, lawes, and ordinances may be as neere as conveniently may be, agreeable to the forme of the lawes, statutes, governement, or pollicie of England, . . .

17. Provided alwayes, and our will and pleasure is, and wee do hereby declare to all Christian kings, princes and states, that if the saideWalter Ralegh, his heires or assignes, or any of them, or any other by their licence or appointment, shall at any time or times hereafter, robbe or spoile by sea or by lande, or do any acte of unjust or unlawful hostilitie, to any of the subjects of us, our heires or successors, or to any of the subjects of any the kings, princes, rulers, governors, or estates, being then in perfect league and amitie with us, our heires and successors, and that upon such injury, or upon just complaint of any such prince, ruler, governoir, or estate, or their subjects, wee, our heires and successours, shall make open proclamation within any the portes of our Realme of England, that the saideWalter Ralegh, his heires and assignes, and adherents, or any to whome these our letters patents may extende, shall within the termes to be limitted, by such proclamation, make full restitution, and satisfaction of all such injuries done, so as both we and the said princes, or other so complayning, may holde us and themselves fully contented.

18. And that if the saideWalter Ralegh, his heires and assignes, shall -not make or cause to be made satisfaction accordingly, within such time so to be limitted, that then it shall be lawfull to us our heires and successors, to put the saideWalter Ralegh, his heires and assignes and adherents, and all the inhabitants of the said places to be discovered (as is aforesaide) or any of them out of our allegiance and protection, and that from and after such time of putting out of protection the said Walter Ralegh, his heires, assignes and adherents, and others so to be put out, and the said places within their habitation, possession and rule, shal be out of our allegeance and protection, and free for all princes and others, to pursue with hostilitie, as being not our subjects, nor by us any way to be avouched, maintained or defended, nor to be holden as any of ours, nor to our protection or dominion, or allegiance any way belonging, for that expresse mention of the cleeryeerely value of the certaintie of the premisses, or any part thereof, or of any other gift, or grant by us, or any our progenitors, or predecessors to the said Walter Ralegh, before this time made in these presents be not expressed, or any other grant, ordinance, provision, proclamation, or restraint to the contrarye thereof, before this time given, ordained, or provided, or any other thing, cause, or matter wbatsoever, in any wise notwithstanding. In witness whereof, we have caused these our letters to be made patents. Witnesse our selves, at Westminster, the 25. day of March, in the sixe and twentieth yeere of our Raigne.

19. Colonización: Compañías Mercantiles • Compañía de Virginia: Derechos de ingleses, participación en auto-gobierno. • Julio 30, 1619: delegados de las comunidades se reúnen en la Casa de Burgueses (House of Burguesses)primera junta de una legislatura electa

20. Motivos religiosos para la migración: • Reforma de Lutero (1517): espíritu de reforma se esparció por Europa. • Calvino: PREDESTINACION: Dios elegía a algunos para ser salvados y otros no. • Lo que hicieras en la vida revelaba tu condición: santidad, diligencia, éxito signos de la gracia del señor. Incentivo para llevar vidas productivas y virtuosas. • Reforma Inglesa 1529-Enrique VIII • María, restaura relaciones con Roma y persigue a los no-católicos • 1558-Elizabeth I, vuelve a la reforma • Para muchos no suficientemente reformada: pedían reformas que purificaran la iglesia • Puritanos en Inglaterra

21. muerte de Elizabeth Jacobo I 1603 • Convencido del derecho divino de gobernar • Contra los Puritanos (hombres de negocio en ascenso)favoritismo para los católicos en cuanto a impuestos, etc. • Principios del S.XVII comienzan a buscar refugio fuera del reino.

22. Peregrinos/Puritanos • Fuera de la autoridad de la compañía establecen el convenio del Mayflower para establecer gobierno. • Desembarcan el 21 de diciembre de 1620.

23. Mayflower Compact In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, defender of the Faith, etc. Having undertaken, for the Glory of God, and advancements of the Christian faith and honor of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the Northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents, solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God, and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic; for our better ordering, and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France, and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth, 1620

24. Gilbert Winslow • Edmund Margeson • Peter Browne • Richard Britteridge • George Soule • Richard Clarke • Richard Gardiner • John Allerton • Thomas English • Edward Doty • Edward Lester • John Tilley • Francis Cooke • Thomas Rogers • Thomas Tinker • John Rigsdale • Edward Fuller • John Turner • Francis Eaton • James Chilton • John Crackstone • John Billington • Moses Fletcher • John Goodman • Degory Priest • Thomas Williams • Mr. John Carver • William Bradford • Mr. Edward Winslow • Mr. William Brewster • Mr. Isaac Allerton • Capt. Myles Standish • John Alden • Mr. Samuel Fuller • Mr. Christopher Martin • Mr. William Mullins • Mr. William White • Mr. Richard Warren • John Howland • Mr. Stephen Hopkins • Edward Tilley