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PROTISTS

PROTISTS. PROTISTS. COMMON EXAMPLES: Amoeba, paramecium, euglena, volvox, plasmodium EUKARYOTIC Have a nuclear membrane VERY DIVERSE GROUP most are unicellular, microscopic, aerobic Some are autotrophic, heterotrophic, sexual, asexual. PROTISTS. ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY

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PROTISTS

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  1. PROTISTS

  2. PROTISTS • COMMON EXAMPLES: • Amoeba, paramecium, euglena, volvox, plasmodium • EUKARYOTIC • Have a nuclear membrane • VERY DIVERSE GROUP • most are unicellular, microscopic, aerobic • Some are autotrophic, heterotrophic, sexual, asexual

  3. PROTISTS • ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY • Early eukaryotes developed symbiotic relationships with prokaryotic cells • Prokaryotic cells lived inside eukaryotic cells • Over time, the smaller prokaryotic cells evolved with the eukaryotic cells to become mitochondria and chloroplasts

  4. PROTISTS • EXCRETION AND OSMOREGULATION • Water balance = osmoregulation • Done by contractile vacuole • Wastes removed by diffusion • RESPIRATION • Carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse in and out

  5. PROTISTS • REPRODUCTION • Asexual • Mitosis and cytokinesis • Budding – similar to mitosis except daughter cell is smaller than parent • Schizogony – nucleus divides many times and cytoplasm divides to form many daughter cells as there are nuclei

  6. PROTISTS • SEXUALLY • Meiosis – special nuclear division to reduce chromosome number to haploid • Union of gametes = diploid zygote • Syngamy – fertilization between two individuals • Autogamy – two gametes fuse within one organism • Parthenogenesis – development of organism from gamete without fertilization • Conjugation – exchange of nuclear material between two individuals

  7. PROTISTS • DOMAIN EUKARYOTA • KINGDOM PROTISTA

  8. PROTISTS • ANIMAL LIKE PROTISTS = PROTOZOA • Classified by method of movement • PLANT LIKE PROTISTS = ALGAE

  9. PROTISTS • PROTIST CLASSFICATION • Separated by feeding habits (nutrition) • Autotrophic • Able to make own food • Photosynthetic – 30-40% of all photosynthesis worldwide is done by algae

  10. PROTISTS • PROTOZOA • Heterotrophic • Unicellular • 4 groups • Sarcodinians

  11. PROTISTS • PHYLUM SARCODINA • Aquatic, clear cytoplasm, irregular shape • Move by extending lobes of their cytoplasm • Pseudopods (false feet) • Plasmolemma – elastic cell membrane

  12. PROTIST

  13. PROTIST • LABEL THIS AMEOBA

  14. PROTISTS • PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGINA • Often called flagellates because they move using flagella • Absorb food by diffusion through cell membrane • Live off of dead or decaying organic matter or some are parasites

  15. PROTISTS

  16. PROTISTS • PHYLUM CILIOPHORA • Ciliates – found in fresh and salt water; usually free-living, most are larger than other protozoa • Pellicle, cilia, ectoplasm, endoplasm, food vacuole, contractile vacuole • Micronucleus (exchanged during conjugation) • Macronucleus (controls daily functions)

  17. PROTISTS • TRICHOCYSTS – spindle shaped alternating between bases of cilia; used as anchor and to paralyze prey • Oral groove – shallow furrow on one side of cell used to gather food • Locomotion – cilia; avoiding reaction  contact with unfavorable conditions and will move away • Reacts to contact, temperature, gravity, water currents, electric currents, acidity and other chemicals

  18. PROTISTS • Reproduction • Mitosis every 6-12 hours • Conjugation – become sticky and adhere to each other at oral groove and exchange nuclear material

  19. PROTIST

  20. PROTISTS • PHYLUM SPOROZOA • Members cannot move • Reproduce by producing spores • All endoparasites

  21. PROTISTS

  22. PROTISTS • PLANT LIKE PROTISTS • Most perform photosynthesis • Contain chlorophyll in chloroplast and possibly other pigments • Divided into groups by pigment color

  23. PROTIST • PHYLUM EUGLENOPHYTA • Usually free-living (not a parasite) • Pellicle – covering membrane; maintains shape • Ectoplasm, endoplasm

  24. PROTISTS • Movement toward light using flagella; flagella pulls cell; euglenoid movement  expansion and contractions of entire cell • Nutrition – can capture food; can absorb nutrients from water or carry on photosynthesis

  25. PROTISTS

  26. PROTISTS • PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA - GREEN ALGAE • Contain chlorophyll b is their main type (which is very similar to land plants) • Some reproduce sexually • Examples: desmids, spirogyra

  27. PROTISTS

  28. PROTISTS

  29. PROTISTS

  30. PROTISTS • PHYLUM HETEROKONTOPHYTA • Red algae, brown algae, golden algae • RED ALGAE • Grow in warm salt water habitats – toward surface or deep water

  31. PROTISTS • BROWN ALGAE • Multicellular and live in cool salt water habitats • Includes giant kelps

  32. PROTISTS • Used to make a variety of products • As a thickening agent in puddings, ice cream

  33. PROTISTS • GOLDEN ALGAE – • Some species are colorless, but the vast majority are photosynthetic. • particularly important in lakes, where they may be the primary source of food for zooplankton.

  34. PROTISTS • PHYLUM DINOFLAGELLATA (termed Pyrrophyta in your book) • Nearly all have flagella • Most grow in salt water

  35. PROTISTS • DINOFLAGELLATE

  36. PROTISTS • Cause the red tide • Several microscopic marine algae are notoriously poisonous to hapless humans who consume them in shellfish. • some species are poisonous to animals which feed upon them directly or indirectly.

  37. PROTISTS

  38. PROTISTS • FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS (MOLDS) • CHARACTERISTICS • MOST ARE SMALL AND LIVE IN DAMP PLACES • PROTISTS THAT ACT AS DECOMPOSERS ARE CALLED MOLDS • DIVIDED INTO 3 GROUPS

  39. PROTISTS • PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS • Can weigh as much as 50 grams and be as large as a human hand (one cell!) • Single cell with many nuclei

  40. Myxomycota - plasmodium

  41. PROTISTS • CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS • ALTERNATES BETWEEN A SPORE PRODUCING FRUITING BODY FORM AND AN AMEBALIKE FEEDING FORM

  42. The phyla of slime molds:

  43. PROTISTS • WATER MOLDS • DECOMPOSERS IN FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS • SOME ARE

  44. PROTISTS • IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTS • ECOLOGICAL ROLES • Provide an essential food base in aquatic food chains

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