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Satellite Image Availability – USA. Carolyn J. Merry NCRST-Flows The Ohio State University. Available sensors. Current satellite sensors Wavelength region – spectral resolution Area of coverage Spatial resolution Costs of imagery Projected uses in transportation flow
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Satellite Image Availability – USA Carolyn J. Merry NCRST-Flows The Ohio State University
Available sensors • Current satellite sensors • Wavelength region – spectral resolution • Area of coverage • Spatial resolution • Costs of imagery • Projected uses in transportation flow applications
Satellite systems • Landsat-7 – Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) • SPOT-4, -5 – High Resolution Visible (HRV) • Ikonos-2 • Quickbird-2
Landsat-7 satellite • 705-km altitude • 16-day repeat cycle • 185-km swath width • Descending node at 10:00 - +15 min. • Whisk-broom scanner • Radiometric resolution: 28 (256 levels)
Landsat data availability • Landsat MSS sensor – 920 km altitude • Landsat-1 (23 Jul 72 - 6 Jan 78) • Landsat-2 (22 Jan 75 - 25 Feb 82) • Landsat-3 (5 Mar 78 - 31 Mar 83) • Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+ – 705 km altitude • Landsat-4 (16 July 82 - present) • Landsat-5 (1 Mar 84 - present) • Landsat-6 (5 Oct 93 – lost shortly after launch) • Landsat-7 (15 Apr 99 - present)
Landsat-7 imagery • 15-m pan (0.52-0.90 µm) • 6-band multispectral (XS) – 30-m • 0.45-0.52 µm (blue), 0.53-0.60 µm (green), 0.63-0.69 (red) • 0.76-0.90 (near IR), 1.55-1.75 µm (mid IR), 2.07-2.35 µm (mid IR) • 10.4-12.5 µm (thermal IR – 60 m) • Image data ~$600/scene (185 by 185 km) • Web site: http:/edcsns17.cr.usgs.gov/EarthExplorer/
Landsat-7 spectral bands ETM+ Band 1 0.45-0.52 mm ETM+ Band 2 0.53-0.60 mm ETM+ Band 3 0.63-0.69 mm ETM+ Band 4 0.76-0.90 mm ETM+ Band 5 1.55-1.75 mm ETM+ Band 6 10.4-12.5 mm ETM+ Band 7 2.07-2.35 mm ETM+ PAN Band 0.52-0.90 mm
Landsat-7 spatial resolution False Color Composite (4,3,2) True Color Composite (3,2,1) 15M PAN Band
Historical archive Landsat 5, 1984 Landsat 5, 1989 Landsat 5, 1994 Landsat 7, 1999 DISP, 1962
Information content • Highway centerline – principally interstates & wider roads • General utility line mapping & routing • Land use mapping for corridor studies – USGS level I, II • Monitoring urban heat island effect
SPOT-1, -2, -3 satellites • 822-km altitude • 98° inclination – sun- synchronous orbit • 101-minute orbit, 26-day repeat cycle, allows 1-2 day revisit • 2 HRVs; CCDs – 6000 detectors; 60-km swath
French SPOT satellites • SPOT-1 (22 Feb 86 – 31 Dec 90) • SPOT-2 (22 Jan 90 – present) • SPOT-3 (26 Sep 93 – 14 Nov 97) • SPOT-4 (24 Mar 98 – present) • SPOT-5 (3 May 02 – present) • Web site: http://www.spot.com
SPOT-1, -2, -3 satellites • 10-m pan (0.51- 0.70 µm) • 3-band multispectral (XS) – 20-m • 0.50-0.59 µm (green), 0.61-0.68 (red), 0.79-0.89 (near IR) • Off-nadir viewing capability (+27°) • Allows us to acquire stereo pairs • Image data ~$2000/scene for level 1B data (60 km by 60 km, up to 80 km by 60 km for off-nadir scenes)
SPOT-4 satellite • 2 HRVIR Instruments – 10, 20 m resolution • Pan – 0.61-0.68 µm • XS – green (0.50-0.59 m); red (0.61-0.68 µm); near IR (0.79-0.89 µm); mid IR (1.58-1.75 µm)
SPOT-5 satellite • 3 May 2002 launch; 830-km orbit • HRG (High Resolution Geometry) – 12,000 CCD array • 2.5 m & 5 m pan (instead of 10 m) • 10 m 3-band XS (instead of 20 m); 20 m for mid IR • In-line stereo – fore, aft, nadir • 10 m planimetric accuracy; 5 m elevation accuracy – ~1:50,000 map scale
SPOT-2 spectral bands SPOT, Color Composite (3,2,1) SPOT Band 1, 0.50-0.59 mm SPOT Band 2, 0.61-0.68 mm SPOT Band 3, 0.79-0.89 mm
SPOT-2 spatial bands SPOT Selection, 10-m pan mosaic of Ohio SPOT 10-m pan
Information content • Highway centerline – interstates, roads with better road definition • General utility line mapping & routing • Land use mapping for corridor studies – USGS level I, II
Hyperspectral data – EO-1 satellite • Hyperion sensor • 242 spectral bands (0.4-2.5 µm) – 30 m resolution • 7.5 by 100 km area • Research imagery – NASA investigators
Example Hyperion data True Color Composite, (29, 23, 16) Image cube
Information content • Highway centerline – principally interstates, & wider roads • General utility line mapping & routing • Land use mapping for corridor studies – USGS level I, II • Material type of roads – asphalt, concrete
Commercial companies • Space Imaging, Inc. – Thornton, CO • www.spaceimaging.com • EarthWatch, Inc. – Longmont, CO • www.digitalglobe.com
Space Imaging – Ikonos-2 • Launched 24 Sept 99 • Sun-synchronous, polar-orbiting • 680 km altitude, 98.1° inclination • ±26° off-nadir collection, 1-day revisit • 10:30 local time • 11 x 11 km scene size • 11-bit data
Space Imaging – Ikonos-2 • 1-m pan – 0.45-0.90 µm • 1:24,000 scale (12.2 m w/o ground control) • 1:2,400 scale (2 m with ground control) • 4-m multispectral sensor • 0.45-0.52 µm (blue) 0.52-0.60 µm (green) • 0.63-0.69 µm (red) 0.76-0.90 µm (near IR) • $97-$211/sq mi for 1-m pan or 4-m XS, depending on orthorectification process • Ikonos model data products – DEMs • 15-m & 30-m postings (7 m vertical accuracy)
Ikonos spectral bands Ikonos Band 1 0.45-0.52 mm Ikonos Band 2 0.52-0.60 mm Ikonos Band 3 0.63-0.69 mm Ikonos Band 4 0.76-0.90 mm
Ikonos sensor resolution False Color Composite (4,2,1) True Color Composite (4,2,1) 1M Pan Image
Landsat-7 ETM+ 30m & Ikonos 4m XS Multi-resolution data merging Ikonos 1m Pan & 4m XS
High resolution image of highways Ikonos 1-m panchromatic image of highway segment Enlargement
Image histogram Entire image histogram Original image Pavement pixels only
Ikonos 1-m pan –Tucson, AZ Road extracted Background image
Principal components analysis PCA 3 PCA 4
EarthWatch, Inc. – QuickBird-2 • 18 October 2001 launch • 450 km altitude; off-nadir viewing (+25°) • 0.61-m pan (0.45-0.90 µm) • 2.44-m multispectral • 0.45-0.52 µm (blue) 0.52-0.60 µm (green) • 0.63-0.69 µm (red) 0.76-0.90 µm (near IR) • 16.5-km image swath • 11-bit data
QuicKBird-2 sample image Denver, CO – 17 July 2002 60 cm natural color pan-sharpened Paris, France – Champs-Elysées 27 Mar 02 – 61-cm pan Source: www.digitalglobe.com
QuicKBird-2 sample image Dresden, Germany – 2.4 m natural color XS 22 Aug 02 recent flooding Yokohama, Japan – 9 Mar 02 61-cm natural color pan-sharpened Source: www.digitalglobe.com
Information content • Transportation infrastructure - detailed road centerline with road width • Detect vehicles on roads for traffic count studies • Disaster emergency response – pre- & post-imagery, damaged housing stock, damaged transportation, damaged utilities & services • Building & property infrastructure – building perimeter, area, height & cadastral information (property lines) • Land use/land cover for corridor studies – USGS level I, II, III, IV
Conclusions • Satellite data are available • Spatial resolution is detailed enough to map highway networks & detect vehicles • Methods are being developed to incorporate imagery results into transportation flow methodologies