Digital

1. Digital By Victoria Guardino

2. Question 1 • What are the different types of camera angles?

3. Answer • Eye-LevelThis is the most common view, being the real-world angle that we are all used to. It shows subjects as we would expect to see them in real life. It is a fairly neutral shot.High AngleA high angle shows the subject from above, i.e. the camera is angled down towards the subject. This has the effect of diminishing the subject, making them appear less powerful, less significant or even submissive.Low AngleThis shows the subject from below, giving them the impression of being more powerful or dominant.Bird's EyeThe scene is shown from directly above. This is a completely different and somewhat unnatural point of view which can be used for dramatic effect or for showing a different spatial perspective.In drama it can be used to show the positions and motions of different characters and objects, enabling the viewer to see things the characters can't.The bird's-eye view is also very useful in sports, documentaries, etc.SlantedAlso known as a dutch tilt, this is where the camera is purposely tilted to one side so the horizon is on an angle. This creates an interesting and dramatic effect. Famous examples include Carol Reed's The Third Man, Orson Welles' Citizen Kane and the Batman series.Dutch tilts are also popular in MTV-style video production, where unusual angles and lots of camera movement play a big part

4. Question 2 • Show and list 7 different camera shots.

5. Answer • VWS (Very Wide Shot)The subject is visible (barely), but the emphasis is still on placing him in hisenvironment. • EWS (Extreme Wide Shot)The view is so far from the subject that he isn't even visible. Often used as an establishing shot. • EWS (Extreme Wide Shot)The view is so far from the subject that he isn't even visible. Often used as an establishing shot.

6. Contune • MS (Mid Shot)Shows some part of the subject in more detail while still giving an impression of the whole subject. • MCU (Medium Close Up)Half way between a MS and a CU. • Cut-InShows some (other) part of the subject in detail.

7. Contune • CA (Cutaway)A shot of something other than the subject. • (OSS) Over-the-Shoulder ShotLooking from behind a person at the subject • Two-ShotA shot of two people, framed similarly to a mid shot. • Point-of-View Shot (POV)Shows a view from the subject's perspective

8. Question 3 • What is the rule of thirds.

9. Answer • Framing Shots are all about composition. Rather than pointing the camera at the subject, you need to compose an image. As mentioned previously, framing is the process of creating composition.Notes:Framing technique is very subjective. What one person finds dramatic, another may find pointless. What we're looking at here are a few accepted industry guidelines which you should use as rules of thumb.The rules of framing video images are essentially the same as those for still photography.

10. Question 4 • Discuss three different types of photography? What is your favorite type?

11. Answer • Urban, Industrial • Time-lapse • Scientific • Scenic-Landscape, Cityscape / I like this one because this type of picture is always beautiful to look at. • People • Modeling • Microscopic

12. Question 5 • What are the six components of the camera?

13. Answer • Body: A light-tight compartment to house the recording medium (film or CCD). • Lens: A transparent element to focus light rays onto the recording medium. • Aperture: A method of controlling how much light reaches the recording medium. • Shutter: A method of controlling how long the recording medium is exposed to the incoming light. • Viewfinder: A way to see the image that is to be captured. • Transport: In film cameras, a method of moving the film and holding it in the correct position

14. Question 6 • What are the five types of cameras?

15. Question 7 Why should you be clear about the subject?

16. Answer • Make sure you know exactly what it is you are photographing, i.e. have a clearly defined subject. For example, if you are photographing a person and you are not interested in what's happening in the background, compose the photo accordingly (i.e. zoom in on them or get closer). • Likewise, if you are photographing flowers, wide shots are fine but you should also try getting up close and making a feature of an individual flower. • Don't have unnecessary empty or useless space in the photo (e.g. lots of sky if the subject is on the ground). In some cases you may have a good reason for including empty space — the rule is to leave out empty space which serves no purpose. If it adds to the effect of the composition, that's fine. • In some cases the subject is simply a scene or a landscape. You don't necessarily need a person or object to be the subject — it can be anything at all. The point is to be aware of what it is you are trying to capture, and how you can best compose the photo to achieve this

17. Question 8 • Why do you compose the entire frame, not just the subject?

18. Answer • While concentrating on the subject of the photo, it's easy to overlook other parts of the composition. Before you hit the shutter button, take note of everything in the photo — not just the subject . • Check the edges of the frame If an object is not completely in shot (i.e. part of it is outside the frame), make sure it will still look okay. Some objects don't look good if you can't see the whole thing, or at least a certain amount of it. Partial objects can be awkward or even confusing; for example, a sign that begs to be read but is cut off half way through. You can't always avoid this situation; sometimes it doesn't matter, and you may even use it for effect. However it is something to be mindful of — try to have a reason for including or excluding partial objects. • It's especially important to notice how people in the background are framed — it's best not to cut them off in an unflattering way. You may need to adjust the framing to have enough of them in shot to look comfortable, or leave them out altogether. • The first example on the right includes a person in the background who is uncomfortably cut off. To fix this you could either zoom in to exclude the person, or zoom out to reveal both background people. • Avoid distracting objects If something in the photo attracts the eye more than the subject, try to compose the photo differently

19. Question 9 • Why use different camera angles?

20. Answer • One of the most common ways to add dramatic effect to a photograph is to use an interesting or unusual camera angle. • Many shots can be given added impact by simple changes in the camera view. The photo on the top right has quite a nice composition, but the effect is much more dramatic when the camera is rolled to the right. • When the subject is a person, different angles can have a strong influence on how they are perceived. A photo looking down at a person can make them look diminished, or perhaps down-to-earth, informal, etc. A photo looking up at someone can make them look powerful or imposing

21. Question 10 • Why should you strive for balance?

22. Answer • There are many types of "balance" in a photograph; for example, a mix of close and distant objects, a mix of light and dark, etc. Poor balance is not usually good, for example, a photo with too much light and no contrast. Experiment and learn how to provide a pleasing balance.

23. Question 11 • Why use lines when composing your composition?

24. Answer • I looked for different types of lines in the composition (e.g. buildings, poles, the horizon, etc). • Different lines have different effects: Vertical lines emphasise strength, power andlines emphasise width, stability and security. Diagonal lines have a more dramatic, dynamic effect than vertical and horizontal. Curved lines reflect nature, relaxation, sensuality, declines can be used to direct the viewer's interest, emphasize parts of the frame, and generally create interesting effects. Note that lines do not have to be artificial or even particularly obvious. In the example on the lower right, the man's arms create a diagonal flow from the bottom right to the upper left of the frame.