Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1

2. What is Anatomy? • Branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts. • Form and organization

3. What is Physiology? • The functions of body parts - what they do and how they do it. • Anatomy and Physiology depend on each other.

4. List an example that illustrate how the structure of a body part makes possible its function. • Teeth shape to breakdown food. • Finger shapes are suited for grasping. • Chambers in the heart…

5. 1.3 Levels of Organization • Atoms • Molecules • Macromolecules • Organelles • Cell • Tissue • Organ • Organ systems • Organism

7. 1.4 Characteristics of Life 1. Movement 2. Reproduce 3. Grow 4. Respond to stimuli 5. Respiration 6. Digestion (Metabolism) 7. Absorption 8. Circulation 9. Assimilation (Anabolism) 10. Excretion

8. 1.5 Maintenance of Life Requirements to stay alive: • Water • Foods • Oxygen • Heat • Pressure

9. Vital Signs Signs: • Temperature • Blood pressure • Pulse • Breathing

10. Homeostasis • Stable internal environment. • Organism adjusts to the changing environment. • Homeostaticmechanisms – self-regulating control systems.

11. Homeostatic Mechanism • Receptors – provide information about the stimuli of the environment. • Controlcenter (set point) – tells what a particular value should be. 37C or 98.7F • Effectors – cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment. • Ex. temperature

12. Negative Feedback 1. Receptors measure deviations for the set point. 2. Effectors are activated that return conditions toward normal. 3. The deviation from the set point progressively lessens. 4. Effectors are gradually shut down. • ----this is called negativefeedback, because the deviation from the set point is corrected. Reduces the action of the effectors. Important we do not want the effectors to go too far.

13. Positive Feedback • Effectors produce a lot of a substance. • Ex. Lactating

14. 1.6 Organization of the Human Body Body Cavities: Axial Appendicular

15. Axial • Head, neck, trunk Cavities: Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Thoracic cavity Axial cavity Pelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Diaphragm

16. Organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity are called viscera. Mediastinum: separates the thoracic cavity into two compartments. (which contains the lungs) Viscera (in abdominal cavity): stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, most of the small and large intestines. Viscera (in pelvic cavity): terminal portion of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the reproductive organs.

20. Smaller Cavities within the head • Oral cavity • Nasal cavity • Orbital cavities • Middle ear cavities

21. Membranes • SerousMembrane – two layered, covers organs. - outer layer – parietal • Inner layer - visceral (lines the organs) • Serous fluid – lubricating fluid.

22. Other Membranes • Pleura = lungs • Pericardium = heart • Peritoneum = organs

23. Visceral Pleura /  Parietal Pleura • Visceral Pericardium /  Parietal Pericardium • Visceral Peritoneum /  Parietal Peritoneum

25. Nervous system: carry impulses from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands. Endocrine system: hormones, glands, target cells. Cardiovascular: carries gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes through vessels. Lymphatic: lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, nodes, thymus, and spleen. Transports tissue fluid to blood stream, fatty substances away from the digestive organs. Defend the body against infections.

26. Digestive system: breakdown food, absorb nutrients, excrete waste. Respiratory: transport of gases to and from blood stream. Urinary system: remove wastes from blood, maintain body’s water and salt concentrations. Reproductive system: reproduction

27. gy Anatomical Terminology

28. Proximal: body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part. Distal: body part that is farther from the point of attachment. Superficial: near surface Deep: more internal than superficial parts.

29. Body Planes Axial or Transverse

30. Can be used to describe a particular organ or body part. Ex. bone

31. Anatomical Position

32. Anatomical Terminology Abdominal – region between the thorax and pelvis. Acromial – point of the shoulder. Antebrachial – forearm Axillary – armpit Brachial – arm Buccal – cheek Carpal – wrist Celiac – abdomen Cephalic – head Cervical – neck Costal – ribs Coxal – hip Crural – leg

33. Cubital – elbox Digital – finger Dorsal – back Femoral – thigh Frontal – forehead Gluteal – buttocks Inguinal – depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh (groin). Lumbar – lower back Mammary – breast Mental – chin Occipital – lower posterior region of the head

34. Orbital – eye cavity Otic– ear Palmar – palm of the hand Patellar – front of the knee Pectoral – chest Pedal – foot Pelvic – pelvis Plantar- sole of the foot Sacral – posterior region between the hipbones. Sternal – middle of the thorax, anteriorly. Tarsal – instep of the foot. Umbilical – navel Vertebral – spinal column

35. Join wikispace Go to: and complete the exercise http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/systems.html Go to: and complete the exercise http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP15305