The Russian Recipe

1. The Russian Recipe Honors World History

2. Recipe for the perfect revolution • Mix unrest, treatment, and assassination vigorously until it becomes a smooth batter • In a separate bowl, mix 1 live tsar, all defeats, and Bloody Sunday • To your batter, slowly stir in agitators, make sure not to add too quickly • Then mix the everything together and wait for you’re perfectly blended revolution to rise!

3. Russia before the Revolution • Still considered one of the great powers of Europe • Backward • Late industrializing • Until 1905 – no legal political parties and no central elected parliament • The time before the revolution was the first time Russia save an increase in national wealth

6. Russia: the people • Serfdom – in medieval Europe, a peasant bound to a lord’s land • The majority of serfs were not freed until 1861 • 80% of the country was still rural • Most of the people were illiterate

7. Russia: the Monarchy • Absolute monarchy • Tsar Nicholas II is the last of the Romanovs • Establishes the Duma (elected national legislature in Russia) • Disconnected from his people’s suffering • Created a trade imbalance with Europe because he was trying to industrialize • Had to deal with strikes by low-paid industrial workers

8. Russo-japanese war • What do we know about European sensibilities? • Can the tsar actually protect the country? • Portsmouth Treaty

9. Anger allows for… • Anger over the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War and poor living conditions allowed for opposing voices • Prince Mirsky is appointed Minister of the Interior by the tsar • Zemstvos – local governments • Designed by the Social Revolutionaries and the Liberals • Effective and weak • Ran roads, health care, education • Why isn’t the tsar doing anything? • He mentions reform but…gives no time limit for actually doing anything • The people start to organize on their own

10. …the acceptability of communism • Karl Marx • Communist Manifesto • Two sides: • PROLETARIAT – working class • BOURGEOISIE – own the means of production • Ability vs. Need • No religion (drug)

11. Marx con’t • Marx cites a Natural Progression: • Hunter-gather • Feudalism • Capitalism • Imperialism • Socialism • Communism • In Russia you have two groups: • MENSHEVIKS – believe Russia needs to evolve into socialism • BOLSHEVIKS – believe Russia could be forced into revolution

12. Imagine by john lennon Chapter 7, 4th paragraph: how is this view similar to this song?

13. The demise of a father, 1905 • Minor strike in St. Petersburg spreads until thousands of workers walk out • Father Gapon (police agent) rallies them with a vision of a mass march to the Winter Palace to see Nicholas II • Creates a petition for:

14. Demise of a Father con’t • 9 January 1905 • Gapon tells the government a march would take place • Additional troops were brought in to defend the building • Entered peacefully but found their way blocked by soldiers but they tried to move forward anyway • The soldiers opened fire • Official Result: 92 people were killed, 700 wounded (it was more) • Gapon was eventually arrested and hung

15. The people’s response • This attack on a peaceful protest broke the ancient idea that the tsar was the father of the people • Workers begin to strike more frequently • Clandestine groups begin to organize • The Tsar begins to worry

16. The October Manifesto • In order to get control of the situation, Nicholas decides to bow to some of the wishes of the people • The Duma is created • Russian Legislative Body that functions like a parliament with no real power • Designed to represent the people • Does this actually do anything?

17. Mystical German in the tsar’s court • While Nicholas was dealing with the infrastructure and international issues, he left Tsarina Alexandra in control of some issues at home • She was taken in by this monk • He was a Holier-than-thou Orthodox convert whose exotic demeanor kept the nobility enthralled • Mystical healer of Tsarevich Alexis • Rasputin's Story

18. Russia: national shame

19. Petrograd riots and march revolution • Duma = no real power • Moderates want social change but Nicholas blocks every attempt • Many groups start to agitate the situation • Food and fuel shortages and disasters on the battlefield caused the collapse • 17 March 1917 Nicholas abdicates • Workers go on strike • Demonstrators, mostly women, march through the street chanting “Bread! Bread! Bread!”

20. The Provisional Government • With the abdication of the Tsar, a Provisional Government is put into place • Made up of middle-class liberals who start a constitution • Led by Alexander Kerensky • Outside the gov’t revolutionary socialists make their own plans • SOVIETS – councils of workers and soldiers that worked democratically at first

21. Another German? • Lenin • His brother was arrested and hanged as a traitor when he was 17 • Family branded dangerous • Begins agitating against the Tsar and is sent to Siberia • After release he goes to Switzerland • Smuggled into Russia in famous “Sealed Train” • Promises “Peace, Bread, and Land”

22. Petrograd joins Lenin, leading to… • Provisional government is failing • No land reform is passed • Soldiers are still fighting • Could not deal with agitators • November 1917 – squads of Red Guards (armed factories workers) join with mutinous sailors and attack the government • 6-7 November - Lenin has control of the government • “We shall now occupy ourselves in Russia in building up a proletarian socialist state.” - Lenin

23. …Brest-litovsk • Pulls Russia out of WWI • Takes a steep price in territory and population

24. A civil war • Lasted three years • REDS – communists vs. WHITES – tsarist imperial officers • US, Britain, and France sent aid to the Whites • Reds resentful of this and so are many of the people • Both sides were ruthless and more people died

25. The final solution • Any challenger to the new Communist state must be silenced • This included the Tsar and his family • July 1918 at Yekaterinburg – with the White army approaching, the Bolsheviks killed the entire Romanov family

26. Freedoms start to disappear • Where do we start to see this in Animal Farm? • Felix Dzerzhinsky was appointed leader of the Cheka • Job: silence as dissenters, eliminate internal threats, protect the revolution • Leon Trotsky organizes the Red Army – 1918 • COMMINSSARS – communist party officials assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalties

27. War communism • Took over banks, mines, factories, and railroads • Industries nationalized to fight the White • Food distribution was controlled • Many peasants won’t share equally – Hunger • Forced to by government • Angry, many peasants became whites

28. Communist victory • Appeal to Russian Nationalism against Western supported Whites • NEW ECONOMIC PROGRAM (NEP) - Give land to peasants & allow some capitalism • Helped the economy recover and ended armed resistance to the new government • The Terror • All Whites & their supports eliminated

29. Creation of the USSR • 1923 - Creation of the Soviet Union • Produced a constitution that combined ideas of socialism and democracy • Contained: • Elected legislature • Gave all citizens over 18 the right to vote • POLITBURO – executive committee for the communist party • runs the country • Soviet Premier Lenin is in control

30. Totalitarian state • There are three major components to totalitarian states: • Ideology – this sets society’s goals and glorifies the rise of the state • Charismatic leadership – this doesn’t always mean a compelling speaker, but it is someone who seems larger than life and has a powerful force of will • State Control – Individual Rights give way to Societal rights • It becomes more important to improve the STATE than the PERSON • Leads to a police state, indoctrination, censorship

31. Chaos at the helm • Snowball vs. Napoleon… • The fallout… • Trotsky - leader of the Red Army vs. Stalin – General Secretary of the Communist Party • Lenin dies in 1924 because of stroke he had suffered two years earlier • Result: Civil War between Stalin and Trotsky, starvation, famine, and death for millions of people • Stalin defeats Trotsky forcing him to sign a letter of submission to him

32. The purges • Stalin was not afraid to use violence against rivals and innocent people • This became known as the GREAT TERROR and it resulted in the deaths or imprisonments (a slower death) of over a million people • This included many high ranking military officers in the Red Army • The infamous order was #00486 • It was used to kill socially dangerous people and their families

33. The Purges con’t • The NKVD (Cheka) was the organization in charge of hunting down enemies • Methods: Secret courts, immediate death, torture

34. The culture of terror • Stalin and his NKVD create this constant fear in the people of Russia • Children are encouraged to spy on their parents • Neighbors spy on each other because if they were caught you could also be accused and taken in • Officials denounce each other for political and monetary gain • Millions of “signed confessions” are produced • Over 20 million people are killed

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38. Life under Stalin…did anything really change? • All the media was controlled and used to glorify Stalin • Communications were monitored to ensure no one was speaking against the state • Education was remade to glorify Stalin • League of Militant Godless replaced religion • Oddly Progressive thing: Women wereequals

39. Stalinization • Stalin attempts to change all that with his first FIVE-YEAR PLAN • This is aimed at increasing farm output, building heavy industry, and improving transportation • Developed COMMAND ECONOMY – government officials make all basic economic decisions • You didn’t have a choice for meeting your goal…bad things happened if you didn’t • Hard Life • Consumer goods were rare

40. Collective agriculture • All agriculture was brought under government control • Wanted more grain produced to sell out of country • COLLECTIVES – large farmed owned and operated by peasants as a group • Some farmers resisted • KULAKS – wealthy farmers; this was who Stalin thought was responsible • Result – “liquidate the kulaks as a class” • The crop yield in 1932 was bad and combined with this policy, it lead to the deaths of between 5-8 million people in Ukraine area alone

42. The effects of the purges • The “Cream of Russia” (military leaders, scientists, economists) are wiped out • Lavrenty Beria, head of the NKVD, convinces Stalin to use Labour Camps instead of simply killing everyone – 1939 • 12 million people will die here

43. Stalin (and Russia) by the late ’30s • Complete control of the country • Individual creativity is punished because it is a threat to Stalin’s control and forced conformity • Spread the Faith – the Comintern • COMINTERN – international association of communist parties led by the Soviet Union for the purpose of encouraging worldwide communist revolution

44. Why did the people put up with this?