An Analysis of the Energy Efficiency of Multiple Land Uses in a Central Business District

1. An Analysis of the Energy Efficiency of Multiple Land Uses in a Central Business District Richard Reed Sara Wilkinson 16th Annual ERES Conference – Stockholm 2009

2. Overview • Rationale for the research • Energy rating issues • Offices and energy efficiency • Methodology • Findings • Implications

3. Rationale for the research If stringent action to reduce carbon emissions is not taken within the ten to fifteen year period between 2016 and 2021, the following generations are locked into climate disaster (Stern 2006) Per capita reductions in CO2 emissions required in the order of 90-95% per capita by 2050 (Garnaut 2008)

4. Central Business District (CBD) issues • Melbourne land uses • Focus on the CBD grid only. Excludes the other precincts & newer areas of Docklands. • 33 different land use categories were modelled. • Drivers of refurbishment are to reduce vacancy rates, improve rental incomes, upgrade assets (e.g. from Grade B to A), and offset obsolescence; thus the drivers are financial (Burton, 2001).

5. Methodology • Direct consultation with stakeholders City of Melbourne Property Council of Australia (PCA) Investa ISPT (Industry Superannuation Property Trust) Jones Lang LaSalle CB Richard Ellis Colliers International Knight Frank Real Estate Institute of Victoria (REIV) Valuer General of Victoria Australian Property Institute RICS Oceania RICS Victoria and Tasmania • Census of Land Use and Employment (CLUE) database • Cityscope • Questionnaire survey • Calculating emissions – ABGR (Australian Building Greenhouse Rating)

6. Scope and Limitations Scope • Profile the existing office stock in a global CBD, such as Melbourne, in terms of energy consumption and efficiency • Undertake scenario planning to examine the impact of various improvements to the stock based on 5 years time frames (2010, 2015, 2020) Limitations • Access to the entire research population • Research timeframe • Sensitivity of data • Other factors (embodied and transport energy)

7. Figure 1. The Four Scenarios

8. Table 2. Scenario variables

9. Figure 2. Building Space Use in Melbourne CBD

10. Figure 3. Building Space Use in Melbourne (less Office)

11. Figure 4. Building Space Use Emissions - Melbourne CBD

12. Figure 5. Building Space Use Emissions - Melbourne CBD (less office)

13. Figure 6. No Change Scenario - Total emissions from Melbourne CBD buildings 2005-2020 (all building space uses)

14. Figure 7. Minor Change Scenario - Total emissions from Melbourne CBD buildings 2005-2020 (all building space uses)

15. Figure 8. Major Change Scenario - Total emissions from Melbourne CBD buildings 2005-2020 (all building space uses)

16. Figure 9. Intermediate Change Scenario - Total emissions from Melbourne CBD buildings 2005-2020 (all building space uses)

17. Table 3. Key findings and recommendations

18. An Analysis of the Energy Efficiency of Multiple Land Uses in a Central Business District Richard Reed Sara Wilkinson 16th Annual ERES Conference – Stockholm 2009