Becoming a World Power

1. Becoming a World Power Chapter 10 U.S. History: 1877 to present Coach Armstrong

2. Becoming a World Power • Section 1: The Pressure to Expand • Section 2: The Spanish American War • Section 3: A New Foreign Policy • Section 4: Debating America’s New Role

3. 10.1 The Pressure to Expand • Growth of Imperialism • Expanding U.S. Interests • Arguments for U.S. Expansion

4. Growth of Imperialism • The 1800’s marked the peak of European imperialism. • Much of Africa and Asia under foreign domination. • Under imperialism, stronger nation attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily. • Why Imperialism Grew • Economic Factors- growth of industry increased need for natural resources, and new markets. • Nationalistic Factors- devotion to one’s nation. • Military Factors- tech. made armies and navies better, and need for refueling stations across the globe. • Humanitarian Factors- duty to spread the blessings of western civ.

5. Growth of Imperialism • Europe Leads the Way • Improved transportation and communications made it easier for traditional imperial powers to acquire new territory • Great Britain, France, and Russia. • Germany entered the fray in 1871 when they became a unified nation. • By 1890 the U.S. was ready to join the action. • Supporters denied that the U.S. sought to annex foreign lands (happened anyway).

7. Expanding U.S. Interests • George Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796. • “steer clear of permanent alliances” with other countries. • Monroe Doctrine • The U.S. declared itself neutral in European wars and warned other nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere. • Manifest Destiny • The annexation of Texas and the acquisition of California and other southwestern lands were early steps towards an American Empire. • “Seward’s Folly” • The purchase of Alaska from Russia.

9. Expanding U.S. Interests • Japan • Commodore Matthew C. Perry sailed a fleet of U.S. Navy ships into Tokyo Bay and forced the Japanese to trade with the U.S. • By the 1860’s the U.S. and several European nations signed treaties to trade with China. • Midway Island’s • Annexed in 1867 to use as a refueling station for the U.S. Navy. • Hawaii • The U.S. signed a treaty with the Hawaiians to sell them sugar duty-free as long as they did not lease territory to other foreign powers. • Latin America and the Caribbean • U.S. Grant stated that these areas would be protected from falling to a foreign power.

10. Arguments for U.S. Expansion • Promoting Economic Growth • Overproduction from farmers and industry led to a need for more consumers. • Farmers, laborers, and industrialists called for expansion of American markets. • Banana Republics • Protecting American Security • Captain Alfred T. Mahan • Argued that the nation’s economic future hinged on gaining new markets abroad, and that a powerful navy was necessary to protect these markets. • Expanding the Navy • Naval Advisory Board • Naval Act of 1890

11. Arguments for U.S. Expansion • Preserving American Spirit • Quest for an empire might restore the country’s pioneer spirit. • Frederick Jackson Turner, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, and TR. • Social Darwinism • Senator Albert J. Beveridge and others had the opinion that civilizations produced by Anglo-Saxon and Germanic people were superiors to the societies that they conquered. • Americans Lean Toward Expansion • Gradually public opinion warmed to the idea of expansion. • Soon realized that political and military entanglements followed expansion.

12. 10.2: The Spanish-American War • Setting the Stage for War • The Spanish-American War • New Challenges After the War • Other Gains in the Pacific

13. Setting the Stage for War • Displays of United States Power • In 1891 an angry Chilean mob attacked a group of American sailors on shore leave in Valparaiso. • 2 killed, 17 injured. • The U.S. forced Chile to pay $75,000 to the families. • Rebellion threatened the friendly govt. of Brazil. • President Cleveland ordered navy units to Rio de Janeiro to protect U.S. shipping interests. • Border dispute between Britain and Venezuela. • Cleveland’s Sec. of State Richard Olney demanded that Great Britian submit to arbitration, and adhere to the Monroe Doctrine. • GB backed down when they realized it may be a good idea to keep the U.S. as an ally.

14. Setting the Stage for War • The Cuban Rebellion • By the 1890’s, not only had the Monroe Doctrine been reaffirmed, but the world’s most powerful country bent to it. • Cuba first rebelled against Spain in 1868. • In 1895 the economy collapsed and the Cubans rebelled again. • Spain sent its best general, General ValerianoWeyler. • In an attempt to keep civilians from aiding the rebels, Weyler put men, women and children in “reconcentration camps” with little food or water. • Over 2 years disease and starvation killed 200,000 cubans. • Cuban exiles in the U.S. urged the U.S. to intervene. • President’s Cleveland and McKinley said no. • Rebels destroyed American owned sugar plantations in order to force their hands.

15. Setting the Stage for War • Yellow Journalism • New York World • Published by Joseph Pulitzer • New York Morning Journal • Published by William Randolph Hearst • The newspapers were in a circulation battle, and they used sensationalized stories of the crisis in Cuba to sell newspapers. • The intense burst of national pride and the desire for an aggressive foreign policy that followed cane to be know as jingoism.

16. The Spanish-American War • Steps to War • In early 1898 riots erupted in Havana. • McKinley moved the battleship the U.S.S. Maine into the city’s harbor to protect American citizens and property • The events that followed pushed the U.S. into war.

17. The Spanish-American War • The de Lome Letter • Called McKinley “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd.” • The explosion of the U.S.S. Maine • February 15th, 1898 • Probably caused by fire that exploded ammo, but American people blamed Spain. • Preparing in the Phillipines • TR was Asst. Sec. of the Navy, wired naval commanders to prepare for military action against Spain. • McKinley ordered all but the wire to Admiral George Dewey withdrawn.

18. The Spanish-American War • McKinley’s War Message • List of Demands • Compensation for the Maine • End to reconcentration camps • Truce in Cuba • Cuban Independence • Spain agreed to all but the last, and McKinley was forced to send a message to Congress on April 11th. • “A Splendid Little War” • First action of the war took place in the Phillippines. • Admiral Dewey launched a surprise attack on the Spanish Pacific Fleet in Manila Bay. • Lasted 7 hours

19. The Spanish-American War • “Splendid Little War” (cont.) • In Cuba the Navy bottled up the Spanish fleet in Santiago Harbor. • 1st Volunteer Calvary • Led by TR who resigned his post as Asst. Sec. of the Navy. • Recruited cowboys, miners, policemen, and college athletes. • “Rough Riders” • July 1, 1898, the charge up San Juan Hill. • Spanish fleet made an attempt to flee the harbor, and every ship was sunk on July 3rd. • 2,500 Americans died, only 400 in battle, mostly from disease and food poisoning.

20. The Spanish American War • The Treaty of Paris • Signed with Spain in December of 1898. • Spain recognized Cuban independence. • The U.S. gave Spain $20 million for the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and the island of Guam. • Unincorporated territories- not meant for statehood. • Treaty was ratified by the Senate in Feb. of 1899 after a tough debate.

21. New Challenges After the War • How could the U.S. be a colonial power without violating the nation’s most basic principle– that all people have the right to liberty? • Dilemma in the Philippines • Read the quote from President McKinley on page 361 • Most Filipinos were already Christian. • Also argued that if the U.S. didn’t act first other nations might try to seize the islands and new conflicts would result. • Filipinos fought alongside the U.S. in the Spanish-American War under the assumption that they would receive independence after the war.

22. New Challenges After the War • Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence for the Philippines in January 1899 and the U.S. ignored it. • In February Filipino rebels and the U.S. went to war. • Filipino War • 3 years • 4,000 Americans killed and 3,000 wounded. • 16,000 rebels and as many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died. • Philippines did not gain full independence until 1946.

23. New Challenges After the War • The Fate of Cuba • Teller Amendment • Promised that the U.S. would not annex Cuba. • McKinley installed a military govt. led by General Leonard Wood. • 3 years • Major Walter Reed • Discovered the cure for yellow fever. • Allowed the Cuban people to draft a constitution in 1900 • Platt Amendment • Cuba could not enter into any foreign agreements. • Must allow U.S. to establish naval bases as needed on the island. • Must give the U.S. the right to intervene when necessary. • Only done twice while amendment was in force until 1934.

24. New Challenges After the War • The U.S. and Puerto Rico • Foraker Act of 1900 • U.S. removed military control and established a civil govt., still under U.S. control. • Jones Act of 1917 • Granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship. • Based only on an act of Congress not the Constitution. • Although Puerto Ricans could elect their own local legislatures, the U.S. retained the power to appoint key officials, such as the governor.

25. Other Gains in the Pacific • Annexation of Hawaii • In 1887, Hawaii and the U.S. renewed a treaty that allowed Hawaiian sugar to be sold duty free in the U.S. • Hawaii leased Pearl Harbor to the U.S. • White Hawaiian born planters forced King Kalakaua to accept a new constitution that gave control of the govt. to them. • His successor Queen Liliuokalani attempted to reduce the influence of the planters. • In 1893, pineapple planter Sanford B. Dole removed Queen Liliuokalani from power with the help of the U.S. Marines. • He proclaimed Hawaii a republic and requested it be annexed by the U.S. • In 1898 Congress approved the annexation of Hawaii.

26. Other Gains in the Pacific • Samoa • Represented another possible stepping stone to the growing trade in Asia. • 1878 the U.S. negotiated a treaty that offered our protection for use of the harbor Pago Pago. • Germany and GB also had their eyes on Samoa and nearly led to war. • Three-way Protectorate in 1889 • GB withdrew in 1899

27. Other Gains in the Pacific • An Open Door to China • China’s huge population and vast markets became increasingly important to American trade by the late 1800’s. • Russia, Germany, GB, France, and Japan were all seeking spheres of influence in China. • Areas of economic and political control. • Open Door Policy • Sec. of State John Hay • Boxer Rebellion • Massacre of 300 foreigners and Christian Chinese. • Open Door Notes by Sec. of State John Hay.

28. 10.3 A New Foreign Policy • The Panama Canal • Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy • Foreign Policy After Roosevelt

29. The Panama Canal • After the Spanish-American War it became evident that the U.S. needed a quicker route between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. • The Isthmus of Panama was a province of Columbia. • In 1879 a French company received a 25-year concession to build a canal across Panama. • Yellow fever and mismanagement left the company ready to abandon the project after 10 years. • They offered to sell the concession to the U.S. for $100 million.

30. The Panama Canal • When the price fell to $40 million, Congress passed the Spooner Act of 1902 authorizing the purchase of the French assets. • Also required that the U.S. work out a treaty with Columbia for a lease of the land. • Columbia tried to wait for the concession to expire so they could offer the area at a higher price. • Read quote by John Hay on page 367. • Roosevelt made it clear to a member of the French company that the U.S. would not interfere if they organized a Panamanian revolution against Columbia.

31. The Panama Canal • The revolution started in November of 1903. • U.S. warships waited just off the coast to support the rebels. • The U.S. immediately recognized the new country, and signed a treaty that gave the U.S. control over a 10-mile wide strip of land for a canal. • Permanent grant • Construction began in 1904, and finished in 1914 six months ahead of schedule and $23 million under budget. • Reaction to Canal • Paid $25 million to the Columbian govt. in 1921.

32. Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy • “Speak softly and carry a big stick: you will go far” • Big Stick=U.S. Navy • Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • Read excerpt on page 368 • Wanted to see other nations “stable, orderly, and prosperous.” • The U.S. govt. would intervene to prevent intervention from other powers. • Central point. • Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic) • Under TR U.S. intervention in Latin America became common.

33. Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy • Roosevelt as Peacemaker • Chief concern in Asia was to preserve an open door to trade with China. • Russo-Japanese War 1904 • Japan was considerably stronger than Russia. • TR concerned that Japan’s strength posed a threat to trade in the area. • Portsmouth Treaty. • Persuaded Japan to be happy with small grants of land, and control over Korea instead of a huge payment of cash. • Also got Russia to leave Manchuria. • Maintained open door to China. • TR receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in 1907.

34. Foreign Policy After Roosevelt • Taft and Dollar Diplomacy • Main foreign policy goals were to maintain the open door to Asia, and preserve stability in Latin America. • Preferred to substitute dollars for bullets. • Meant to maintain orderly societies through increased American investment in foreign economies. • Dollar Diplomacy • Not always very profitable. • Sec. of State Philander Knox urged Americans to invest in a Chinese railroad. • Russia and Japan blocked the influence of the U.S. in China, and all money was lost when the Chinese govt. collapsed in 1911. • Dollar Diplomacy created enemies in Latin America.

35. Foreign Policy After Roosevelt • Wilson an the Mexican Revolution • American intervention in Mexico led to even more anti-American feelings in Latin America. • In 1911, revolution forced a longtime dictator Porfino Diaz to resign. • The new president, Francisco Madero, promised democratic reform but he could not unite the country. • In 1913 he was overthrown and killed by General Victoriano Huerta. • Huerta promised to protect foreign investments, and most European countries recognized him. • Wilson was urged by American investors to do the same.

36. Foreign Policy After Roosevelt • Wilson and the Mexican Revolution (cont.) • Wilson refused to do so because he saw Huerta as a “butcher.” • End of Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy, and the beginning of Moral Diplomacy. • Wilson’s policy led him into complex and bloody confrontations with Mexico. • Carranza • Pancho Villa and General John J. “Black Jack” Pershing. • Moral Diplomacy failed

37. 10.4 Debating America’s New Role • The Anti-Imperialists • Imperialism’s Appeal • Imperialism Viewed From Abroad

38. The Anti-Imperialists • Moral and Political Arguments • Expansionist behavior was a rejection of the nation’s foundation of “liberty for all” • “the Constitution must follow the flag,” by which they meant that the American flag and laws went together. • Anti-imperialist did not believe that any group of people should be forced to wait to enjoy liberty. • Imperialism threatened the nation’s democratic foundations • Racial Arguments • African Americans were at first torn about imperialistic issues, but they recognized that racism was part of imperialism. • Southern politicians feared the effects of adding more people of different races to the U.S.

39. The Anti-Imperialists • They also feared that imperialist policies would encourage people of different races to move to the U.S. • Economic Arguments • Expansion involved many costs • Ex. Larger Army, possible need for more taxes, draft, etc. • Laborers coming to the U.S. from annexed territories would compete with Americans for jobs. • Industrialists argued that cheap goods produced in annexed countries could be traded here duty free which would hurt American business.

40. Imperialism’s Appeal • Some people looked to a new frontier abroad to keep Americans from losing their competitive edge. • They agreed with the economic arguments that emphasized the need to gain access to foreign markets. • Others embraced the strategic military reasons for expansion. • Roosevelt sent part of the Navy on a cruise around the world. • The Great White Fleet showed the benefits of having a powerful Navy.

41. Imperialism Viewed From Abroad • Latin Americans began to cry “Yankee, Go Home!” • Panamanians began to complain that they suffered from discrimination. • Other countries began to ask the U.S. for help. • The U.S. spent the rest of the 1900’s trying to decide the best way to reconcile its growing power and national interests with its relationships with other countries.