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SOIL GEOMORPHOLOGY (coined by Ruhe , 1974)

SOIL GEOMORPHOLOGY (coined by Ruhe , 1974). “The study of soils and their use in evaluating landform evolution and age, landform stability, surface processes, and past climates” (Margaret Berry). Petecasso in Lu and Godt , 2013. New: Schaetzl and Anderson (2005); Holliday (2004, 2006).

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SOIL GEOMORPHOLOGY (coined by Ruhe , 1974)

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  1. SOIL GEOMORPHOLOGY(coined by Ruhe, 1974) • “The study of soils and their use in evaluating landform evolution and age, landform stability, surface processes, and past climates” (Margaret Berry) Petecasso in Lu and Godt, 2013 • New: Schaetzl and Anderson (2005); Holliday (2004, 2006)

  2. SOIL GEOMORPHOLOGY—EARLY DAYS USGS-MILITARY GEOLOGY UNIT Morrison Hunt Thorp 1941 book ClORPT Richmond Ruhe (Battleship Iowa) Jenny

  3. SOIL GEOMORPHOLOGY—LATER DAYS GSA FOP Gerson Tonkin FIELD TRIPS OVERSEAS VISITORS 1965 INQUA 1965 INQUA MIDCONTINENT Ruhe J. Frye

  4. UNIVERSITIES and FAMILY TREES—1960s on USGS University of Colorado FRONT RANGE AND PIEDMONT WORK Les McFadden U. of New Mexico Francis Hole U. of Wisconsin Don Johnson U. of Illinois

  5. VERY PRODUCTIVE PROGRAMS-USDA IOWA-50s and 60s Yarmouth-Sangamon buried soil Late Wisconsin Late Sangamon Ruheand Daniels Modern South of Adair, Iowa

  6. VERY PRODUCTIVE PROGRAMS-USDA DESERT RESEARCH PROJECT (NM)—MOST PRODUCTIVE--60s and 70s Hawley and Gile Gile Hawley Plus Grossman, Peterson, Ruhe

  7. VERY PRODUCTIVE PROGRAMS-USGS • ACROSS USA, BY USGS AND UNIVERSITIES--70s and 80s • TO ESTIMATE AGES OF LANDSCAPES SOIL DETOUR TO TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION Marchand Harden Plus Machette, Markewich, Pavich

  8. SOIL-FORMING FACTORS: PARENT MAT’L (P) Simple Complex Layers—geologic vs. pedogenic • Dust • Local vs. global • Morrison (1967) • soil-forming intervals • become dust B A Dust (A) Weathering (B) MAP (mm) Reheis dust traps Pye(1987)

  9. PYE ILLUSTRATED ARID ALLUVIUM (Israel) LOESS/TILL (New Zealand) TROPICS EPISODIC LOESS/BURIED SOILS (China) THIN DUST/CARBONATE REEF(Mare)

  10. FACTORS: TIME(T) • ALL CLIMATES • COVERED • QUANTIFY • PROPERTIES • PATHWAYS: • GLOBAL TIME • TEMPLATE • MODELS • Progressive-regressive • (Johnson, Watson-Stegner, 1987) • Thresholds (Muhs, 1984) Martinson et al., 1987

  11. TIME andCLIMATE FIELD DATA LAB DATA Vidic (1997) PDI from McFadden, 1988 Vidic, 1997 Age (years) USGS QUATERNARY MAPPING • Clay mimics Fed Shroba et al., 2014

  12. TIME AND CLIMATE SUMMARY Fe Maximum ~ 60% clay, 10R (1+MyrSE USA, Colorado Piedmont)

  13. DRY CLIMATES Machette (1985): • Stage = age • Rate varies with ppt, dust influx, etc(greater during interglacials) DRY, HOT Gile and Grossman, 1979; Gile and others, 1981

  14. SOILS DETECTING CLIMATE CHANGE Yaalon’s (1971) persistent horizons: good results with CaCO3 Overlapping wet-dry properties (Btk) McFadden and Tinsley (1985) • Move water curve to right • Now run this for 2 Myrof • climate change (Reheis, 1987) Mayer and others, 1988 • Modellers arrive

  15. FACTOR: TOPOGRAPHY (R) WET CATENAS—NEW ZEALAND O 20 ka E Bs C Tonkin and others, 1977 Young and others, 1979 • Massive chemical redistribution and removal Birkeland, 1994

  16. FACTOR: TOPOGRAPHY (R) • DRY--IDAHO Fed 20 ka • Clay ~mimics Fe • Profiles develop while slopes flatten • Use to estimate • slope stability 140 ka Fed Berry, 1987

  17. APPLICATIONS—ARCHEOLOGY LUBBOCK, TX (Holliday, 1985) RUSSIA SOILS • ESSENTIAL FOR STRATIGRAPHY • SUGGEST AGES AND ENVIRONMENT

  18. APPLICATIONS—NEOTECTONICS(McCalpin, 2009) • Catena limits age (McCalpin and Berry, 1996) % CaCO3 BURIED DOWNFAULTED SOILS Machette (1978) Machette, 1978

  19. SOILS AND YUCCA MTN REPOSITORY CLIMATE CHANGE GROUNDWATER FLOW Taylor, 1986 Taylor and Buckins, 1995 Quade and Cerling, 1990

  20. SOILS AND YUCCA MTN REPOSITORY VOLCANISM NTS AND YUCCA MTN FAULTING Wells et al., 1990

  21. NEW ZEALAND MODEL—EROSION RATE vs SOIL RESIDENCE TIME WEST EAST A/R Dominant soil profile: A/Bw/C A/C Tonkin and Basher, 1990 Residence time: 200 yr 10-20 kyr

  22. SUMMARY • We have… You will step on the soil of many countries Chinese fortune cookie • …chased down many of Jenny’s Factors • Jenny was a visionary and would be proud to have • influenced the direction of soil geomorphology

  23. COLORADO FRONT RANGE-estimating age for surfaces and hillslopes Surface Hillslope Hillslope • Soil development greater • with lower canyon incision • rates (Dethier et al., 2012) • Soil on surface vs. canyon • incision rate (0.15 m/kyr) • means relief is increasing • Can “date” (residence time) • most hillslopes

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