Kingdom Monera BACTERIA & BLUE-GREEN ALGAE

1. Kingdom MoneraBACTERIA & BLUE-GREEN ALGAE

2. click: general characteristics C click: ARCHAEOBACTERIA

3. Kingdom Monera: The Prokaryotes BACTERIA - single-celled prokaryotes • among the simplest forms of living things • w/ few organelles or specialized cell structures • believed to be the most abundant organism on earth

4. Bacterial Structure: FLAGELLUM- long and slender appendage; for locomotion CELL WALL-provides rigidity, protection and identification CAPSULE/ SLIME LAYER-contributes in protection and virulence

5. Bacterial Structure: CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE- controls what enters and exits the cell NUCLEAR REGION- carries genetic information RIBOSOMES-involved in protein synthesis

6. Bacterial Structure: PILI/ FIMBRIAE- shorter appendages which confer adhesive properties MESOSOMES- large infoldings of cell membrane; increase surface area ENDOSPORES-highly resistant body formed during extreme conditions

8. Bacterial Shapes • Bacillus – rod-shaped • Coccus– sphere-shaped • Spirillum – spiral-shaped

10. Staphylococcus sp.

11. Bacillus sp.

12. Spirochetes

13. Bacterial Reproduction: a. Binary Fission asexual reproduction in which a bacterium replicates its chromosomes and divide into two b. Budding asexual reproduction in which an outgrowth develops into another individual

14. Bacterial Reproduction: c. Spore formation/ sporulation formation of endospores which are resistant to unfavorable conditions d. Conjugation A bacterium transfers some DNA to another bacterium, thus changing the genes of the latter

15. Examples Pathogenic bacteria • Streptococcus pyrogene – sore throat • Clostridium botulinum – paralysis due to food poisoning • Treponema pallidum – syphyllis

16. Beneficial bacteria • Escherichia coli – colon bacterium • Rhizobium sp.- nitrogen-fixing bacterium

17. Nutrition: A. Autotrophic –make their own food from inorganic substances • Photosynthetic – contains chlorophyll • Chemosynthetic – make their own food by using energy from chemical reactions involving sulfur, iron, and nitrogen

18. Nutrition: B. Heterotrophic –obtain organic matter from their environment for food • Saprophytic – feed on dead organic matter • Parasitic – feed on other living things

19. Conditionsfor Bacterial Growth • Nutritional requirement • Temperature • Moisture • Exposure to sunlight • Chemicals

20. Significance of Bacteria • Food industry • Medicine • Leather tanning • Agriculture • Decomposition of living things • Some can cause diseases

21. Rheumatic fever Gonorrhea Pneumonia Meningitis Diphtheria Thypoid fever Bubonic plague Tetanus Tuberculosis Anthrax Food poisoning Leprosy Diarrhea Conjunctivitis Sore throat Tonsillitis Gas gangrene Whooping cough Some Bacterial Diseases

22. SPIROCHAETES - spiral-shaped, w/o a rigid cell wall and move by rotating, corkscrew motion - causes syphilis, yaws, pinta, infectious jaundice

23. MYCOPLASMAS/ PPLO - smallest known organisms that are capable of growth & reproduction outside of living host cells - causes primary atypical pneumonia in humans

24. RICKETTSIAE - obligate intracellular parasites - cause typhus fever, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Trench fever Tsutsugamushi fever

25. THE ARCHAEOBACTERIA

26. Comparison of Viruses and Bacteria

27. CYANOBACTERIA

28. BLUE-GREEN ALGAE • prokaryotic • unicellular: colonial or filamentous • w/ chlorophyll, phycocyanin or phycoeryhtrin • found in fresh or marine waters & damp soil • food for fish; may cause pollution; fertilize soil

29. The cyanobacteria are autotrophs and obtain nutrition through photosynthesis.  They possess chlorophyll a and other pigments but lack plastids. (Remember, they are prokaryotic).  These organisms are sometimes responsible for algal blooms in polluted lakes.

30. Figure 3. Blue-green algae washed ashore on a small pond, 1994.

31. Lyngbya colonies (blue-green algae)

32. Large Algal Bloom

33. Algal Bloom Close-up

34. Water Sample

37. More on Cyanobacteria

38. THE MICROBE ZOO