Arch 501 Shirin Izadpanah 095124

1. Sustainable Architecture Can Help Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions By Roger K. Lewis Arch 501 Shirin Izadpanah 095124

2. CONTENT PART 1 ……………………………………. AUTHOR PART 2 ……………………………………. ARTICLE’S TOPIC PART 3 ……………………………………. EDWARD MAZRIA PART 4 ……………………………………. 2030 CHALLENGE PART 5 ……………………………………. PRINCIPLES PART 6 ……………………………………. FACTS ABOUTCARBON DIOXID .Fossil fuel depletion .Atmospheric carbon .Climate change .Consequences of climate change PART 7 ……………………………………. CONCLUSION

3. Article’s Author Roger K. Lewis is a practicing architect and a professor of architecture at the University of Maryland. • “This article was written on10th of June 2006”

4. Carbon dioxide Danger Carbon dioxide is in the air like never before, but not just asmeasurable parts per million in the earth's atmosphere. Increasingly the subject of everyday conversation and culturaldiscourse, rising CO2 emissions are seen by many as no less a threat than terrorism, uncontrolled immigration, avian flu or escalating gasoline prices.

5. Edward Mazria Carbon dioxide was the focus of a presentation at the conference, "The Architecture of Sustainability," sponsored by the American Institute ofArchitects national committees on design and on the environment. Addressing the conferees packed into the Corcoran Gallery of Art auditorium, New Mexico architect Edward Mazria delivered a sobering, persuasive opening presentation about carbon dioxide and global warming. He also delivered a daunting challenge to architects: Design all new buildings, whatever the type, to use half the fossil fuel energy used now by buildings of that type.

6. 2030 challenge By the year 2030, the goal is for new buildings to be "carbon-neutral" and use no energy from fossil fuels that produce greenhouse gases. This means that less than 25 years from now, ideally no oil, coal or natural gas would be burned to build, heat, cool and light new buildings. • Mazria contends that architects, responsible for designs of a substantial portion of new projects as well as renovation of existing buildings, could contribute significantly to reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

7. Principles in 2030 Architecture Innovations could include configuring buildings to be heated, cooled, ventilated and lighted more efficiently; specifying green and recycled construction materials; buying renewable energy while harnessing solar, wind, geothermal and biomass energy; and exploiting available and emerging energy technologies. • the 2030 objective would not be easy, especially because it requires changed attitudes and behavior in sectors of the building industry beyond the influence of architects. It also requires that public attitudes and behavior change. Nevertheless, he thinks architects could exercise more leadership than in the past.

8. Four factsfor worrying about Carbon Dioxide 1.Fossil fuel depletion • Given known petroleum reserves and rates of accelerating consumption throughout the world, oil could be depleted in about 42 years and natural gas in about 64. Coal eventually would be the only fossil fuel. This assumes marginal increases in use of renewable energy sources.

9. 2.Atmospheric carbon • by 2100, carbon dioxide content could be as high as 700 parts per million. Most of this projected increase would be attributable to continuing use of fossil fuels for buildings, construction, transportation and manufacturing.

10. 3.Climate change • Carbon dioxide is called a greenhouse gas because it traps solar heat within the atmosphere. Having the effect of a greenhouse's glass roof, carbon dioxide prevents this heat from radiating back out into space. Trapped atmospheric heat is absorbed by the earth's surface, slowly raising the temperature of water, land and vegetation.

11. Quantitative estimates vary, but scientists generally agree that global warming is a reality, asserting that even a one-degree Celsius increase in average global temperature would make the earth warmer than it has been in the past million years. More alarming, a rise of two to three degrees Celsius is conceivable, and perhaps unavoidable, by the end of the 21st century.

12. 4.Consequences of climate change • Mazria described the likely catastrophic effects of progressive global warming if temperature forecasts prove accurate. Melting polar ice would raise sea levels, inundating tens of thousands of miles of coastland and displacing tens of millions of people around the globe. Much of Florida, the Gulf Coast and Maryland's Eastern Shore would disappear.

13. Agricultural productivity would decrease, forest fires would increase and both wildlife and vegetation would vanish or relocate. As humans, animals and plants migrate in response to rapidly changing conditions, disease will move with them. Thus, public health could be as worrisome as flooding.

14. Mazria’s Conclusion • After stating the scientific case and voicing the 2030 challenge, Mazria added an appropriate epilogue about the need to make sustainability an integral part of architectural education. In many architecture schools, he pointed out, sustainability is still viewed by both faculty and students as optional.

15. Sustainability concerns everyone, not just architects. All students everywhere, from elementary school onward, must learn what is happening to the earth and what must be done about it. Without informed citizens and clients, architects will never meet the 2030 challenge, no matter how many green buildings they design.