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The Integumentary system

The Integumentary system. Chapter 5. The Skin. Most accessible organ/system to the outside world 16% of total body weight Constantly under attack from the environment The human body’s first line of defense. The integument. Body covering

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The Integumentary system

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  1. The Integumentary system Chapter 5

  2. The Skin • Most accessible organ/system to the outside world • 16% of total body weight • Constantly under attack from the environment • The human body’s first line of defense.

  3. The integument • Body covering • Interconnected with blood vessels and sensory receptors. Two Major Components • Cutaneous membrane • Accessory structures

  4. Cutaneous Membrane Accessory Structures Hair, nails, exocrine glands Primarily found in the dermis but protrude (poke through) the epidermis. EpidermisDermis Superficial Underlying connective tissues Blood Vessels Nerves Glands

  5. Yet another layer. . . • Below the dermis you can find the hypodermisor subcutaneous layer • Various connective tissues that separate the skin from other organs ie: muscles and bones

  6. Skin Functions • 1. Temperature • 2. Sensory • 3. Moisture Control • 4. Protection

  7. Skin Functions • Protection – separate inside from outside • Excretion salts, water, wastes • Maintenance body temperature • Produce melanin • Produce keratin • Synthesize vitamin D • Store lipids and various fat cells • Detect sensation touch, pressure, pain, temperature

  8. The Epidermis • Upper skin surface • Protective, keeps micro-organisms out • Avascular • Having no blood cells Made up mostly of keratinocytes (contain large amounts of proteins)

  9. Thick skin vs. Thin skin Thin Skin Thick Skin Found on the palms and soles of feet And the soles of your feet Contains an extra layer About the thickness of a paper towel • Covers most of the body • Has 4 layers • About the thickness of a plastic sandwich baggie

  10. Layers of the Skin • Stratum Germinativum • Major layer of the skin containing multiple different cell types Basal Cells Melanocytes Merkel Cells

  11. Basal Cells – stem cells that become keratinocytes

  12. Melanocytes – produce melanin (skin pigments responsible for skin tone)

  13. Merkel Cells – Sensitive to touch

  14. The other skin layers . . . • Stratum spinosum • Stratum granulosum • Stratum lucidum • Stratum corneum

  15. Stratum corneum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum germinativum or Stratum basale Dermis

  16. The Life of Skin • Cells move from layer to layer • This process takes between 15-30 days • Stratum germinatvum stratum corneum • Last about two weeks before they are shed

  17. Skin Color 2 factors 1. Pigments found in the epidermis 2. Circulation through the dermis

  18. Pigments Carotene Melanin Brown, yellow, or black pigment Aide in protection and use of UV radiation • Orange-yellow pigment • In fatty tissues • Tends to be more dominant in light skinned individuals

  19. Dermal Circulation • Blood flows through the dermis adding a pink hue to the skin

  20. Epidermal fun facts • When the blood supply to the skin is reduced, the skin turns pale. • Embarrassment usually causes a rush of blood to the surface blood vessels resulting in a flushed appearance. • Sustained circulatory reduction causes cyanosis - blue lips and fingernails. (caused by cold, heart attack, oxygen depletion).

  21. UV exposure causes melanocytes over-production (tan) and the production of vitamin D3 orcholecalciferol. • The liver converts this to a hormonecalled calcitriol which is necessary for normalCa and Pabsorption in the small intestine.

  22. The Dermis • Lies between the epidermis and subcutaneous • Has capillaries, connective tissues, and glands • Sensory nerves

  23. a. Nociceptors • Fast pain—sharp (deep cut, needle) • Slow pain—burning, aching, throbbing

  24. Thermoreceptors. • Free nerve endings • 3 - 4 x more cold receptors than warm

  25. Accessory Structures • Hair • Nonliving—produced in follicles • - 98% on general body surface (not head) • - lose 50/day.

  26. 3 types: lanugos (prenatal) vellums (peach fuzz—most of the body) terminal(heavy, usually deeply pigmented, head).

  27. Glands - two types of exocrineglands: Sebaceous & Sweat. • Sebaceous glands (oil glands). • Secretes sebum • Sebum—inhibits bacterial growth, lubricates hair and skin.

  28. Sweat glands • Apocrine sweat glands are found in the arm pits, groin, nipples. • This secretion along with bacteria yields 2,3 hexonoic acid.

  29. Merocrine sweat glands are more numerous and more widely distribute. • Adults—2.5 million, high concentration in palms of hands. • Modified sweat glands: mammary glands - milk /ceremonious glands - ear wax

  30. Nails – dead, tightly compressed cells packed with keratin. Protect exposed tips of fingers and toes. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ • Review integumentary repair • Review the integration of the integumentary system with other systems • Review burns and grafts

  31. Burns • 1st Degree Burn • - superficial (involves the epidermis)- painful, tender and swollen

  32. 2nd Degree Burn • - partial thickness (involves the dermis and above)- painful, discolored, blisters, oozing liquid

  33. 3rd Degree Burn - full thickness burn (beyond the dermis) - not painful, charred(black), or white.

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