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Endocrine System

Endocrine System. Endocrine System—General Info. Works WITH the Nervous system Main function is to produce hormones—chemical messenger influencing other tissues/organs. Differs from NS with regard to speed NS—body will make rapid adjustments to changes

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Endocrine System

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  1. Endocrine System

  2. Endocrine System—General Info • Works WITH the Nervous system • Main function is to produce hormones—chemical messenger influencing other tissues/organs. • Differs from NS with regard to speed • NS—body will make rapid adjustments to changes • ES—uses chemical messengers (hormones) to affect change. Hormones travel via bloodstream. Generally longer lasting.

  3. Endocrine vs Exocrine glands • Endocrine glands—secrete hormones directly into the blood • anterior pituitary • thyroid • adrenal • Exocrine glands—deliver hormones into the blood via tubes leading from the gland • sweat glands • salivary glands • mammary glands

  4. Major body processes regulated by ES • Reproduction • Growth and development • Maintaining homeostasis of electrolytes, water and nutrients • Regulation of cellular metabolism

  5. Endocrine System—transport hormones… • Hormones travel through the blood and bind to receptor proteins • Steroid hormones (cholesterol derived) • Are lipid soluble and cross the plasma membrane, bind to receptors inside the cell and affect DNA transcription. • Animation • Non-steroid hormones (protein based) • Bind to specific membrane receptors and trigger a signaling cascade inside the target cell which activates necessary enzymes. • Animation…

  6. Target cells and controlling the ES • Hormones travels through the entire body via the blood, but only affect specific target tissues. • The body primarily uses negative feedback loops to determine when to turn on/shut off hormone production. • Other ways the body controls the ES is through the nervous system and biorhythms.

  7. Negative Feedback loops • Works like a thermostat in your house to maintain a constant environment of 68oF. • Turns on the furnace to produce heat if the temperature is too cold and off when the desired temp is reached. • Turns on AC to cool the house if temp is too high and shuts it off when back to the desired temp.. http://www.endocrinesurgeon.co.uk/endocrine_conditions/What-is-negative-feedback.html

  8. Homeostasis • Negative feedback loops ensure the body returns to “normal” conditions after stimulus. www.mdmaterials.com

  9. Glucose Regulation Glucose Regulation 10 Biology, Campbell. 1987. pg 896

  10. ENDOCRINE REGULATION A fuzzy balancing act Receive, Reaction, Refine

  11. Endocrine Regulation RECEIVE Stimulation – regulation of release /triggered release • "sensory" input • response to substance in the blood (Iodine, glucose) • hormonal regulation • responds to upstream gland regulation (TSH, LH...) • neural regulation • response short term stress 11

  12. Endocrine Regulation REACT Mechanism of Release • Steroids • Lipid soluble - readily enter cells • stimulus leads to biosynthesis • transport in blood assisted by carrier proteins (serum albumin)

  13. Endocrine Regulation REACT Mechanism of Release • Hormones that are NOT steroids or lipids • Water Soluble – interact with membrane receptors • synthesized, packaged into vesicles via golgi • vesicles migrate to and collect at release site • activated release, exocytosis to dump contents • typically Ca++ sensitive; regulate Ca++ / regulate release

  14. Endocrine Control • Feedback system for the control of ovulation 16 Biology:An Exploration of Life, McFadden&Keeton. 1995. pg 546

  15. Endocrine Regulation REFINE Endocrine System • Down Regulation-Negative Feedback loop Parathyroids stimulates Blood Ca++ levels Decrease + inhibits - Blood Ca++ levels Increase PTH Bone is degraded

  16. Endocrine Regulation REFINE Endocrine System Removal of hormones • The bulk of hormone is cleared by the liver and kidneys • Only a small fraction is removed by target tissue • protein and amine hormones bind to receptors and are internalized and degraded • action and elimination is usually quicker (minutes) • Steroid and thyroid hormones are degraded after hormone-receptor complex binds to nuclear chromatin • action and elimination are slower (hours-days) 18

  17. Endocrine Disorders Endocrine Problems Dwarfism Characteristics -Short stature (proportional) Cause shortage of GH (hypophysial dwarfism) or defective receptor (Laron Syndrome). Short stature, can be caused by any one of more than 200 conditions, most of which are genetic and result in disproportionate body structure. www.blogsmonroe.com

  18. Endocrine Disorders Gigantism Characteristics- Extreme height (8-9 ft, proportional structures) Cause- Excessive GH during development Gigantism is extremely rare (only a few hundred known cases total). Cause of excess of GH excess varies but often is linked to Acromegaly www.endotext.org

  19. Endocrine Disorders Endocrine Problems Acromegaly- Cause-excess GH in adulthood. Usually benign adenoma Acromegaly- Characteristics abnormal bone growth joint aches thick coarse oily skin impaired vision excessive sweating sleep apnea abnormal menstruation skin odor erectile dysfunction headaches fatigue and weakness decreased libido enlarged lips nose and tongue skin tags www.addamsfamily.com

  20. Endocrine Disorders Cause- Not enough thyroid hormone. Hasimoto’s disease- autoimmune disease Medical treatments- removal, damage or pituitary deficiency. subclinical hypothyroidism Hypothyroidisim Characteristics- Fatigue, weakness, weight gain or resistance to weight loss, course dry hair, dry rough pale skin, hair loss, cold intolerance, muscle cramps and aches, constipation, depression, irritability, memory loss, abnormal menstruation, decreased libido. High TSH with low T3/T4. thyroid.about.com www.datiskharrazian.com

  21. Endocrine Disorders Causes- Graves’ Disease, autoimmune disease (antibodies attach to thyroid and over stimulate T3 production) Benign tumor- nodule (few cells) out of regulation Thyroiditis- temporary swelling • of gland (postpartum) • Hyperthyroidism Characteristics- palpitations, heat intolerance, nervousness, insomnia, breathlessness, increased BM, decreased menstruation, fatigue, fast heart rate, trembling, weight loss, muscle weakness, warm moist skin, hair loss, staring gaze. Low TSH high T3/T4 levels pro.corbis.com www.avondalevet.com

  22. Endocrine Disorders Cushing’s Disease Characteristics- central body obesity Osteoporosis glucose intolerance kidney stones Hypertension excess hair growth menstrual irregularity emotional liability “Buffalo hump” “moon” face Cause- Excess Cortisol tumor of the lungs, pituitary or adrenal glands www.netterimages.com

  23. Endocrine Disorders Diabetes- Most common Endocrine disorder Consistent elevated blood sugar Characteristics- frequent hunger, thirst, urination, blurred vision, fatigue, weight loss, poor wound healing, dry mouth, dry itchy skin, impotence, recurrent infections. Erratic blood sugar. • normal blood glucose: 80-120mg/100 ml, • diabetes: as much as 600mg/100ml of blood ourlatinamerica.blogspot.com www.malluworld.org

  24. Endocrine Disorders Diabetes Causes- Type 1 -insulin deficiency Type 2 -insulin resistance hormone disturbance Agromegaly Cushing’s Gestational diabetes-temporary condition caused by pregnancy placenta metabolizes insulin quickly.

  25. Endocrine Disorders ENDOCRINE DISORDERS

  26. Review of Endocrine System • Quick review of info…

  27. Endocrine System • Glands and the hormones they produce…you will need to know these for the test. • Study earlier rather than later!

  28. Pituitary • Known as the master gland as it is not only responsible for many hormones, it also acts as a regulator for other glands in the endocrine system.

  29. Pituitary Gland Hormones • ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) • Responsible for maintaining water balance in your body.

  30. Pituitary Gland Hormones • Oxytocin • Responsible for causing uterine contractions during and after birth.

  31. Pituitary Gland Hormones • GH (Growth Hormone) • Causes growth in humans…big surprise huh?

  32. Pituitary Gland Hormones • TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) • Influences your thyroid gland

  33. Pituitary Gland Hormones • ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) • Regulates the adrenal glands

  34. Pineal Gland

  35. Pineal Gland Hormone • Melatonin • Helps your body adjust to various amounts of daylight

  36. Thyroid Gland • Location: Surrounds windpipe

  37. Thyroid Hormones • Thyroxine • If iodine is present, it will control the metabolism of glucose in the body.

  38. Thyroid Hormones • Calcitonin • Responsible for depositing blood calcium into bones

  39. Parathyroid Glands • Location—attached behind the thyroid • Years ago, they used to remove the parathyroids with the thyroid if the thyroid was damaged. This lead to death in patients…OOPS!

  40. Parathyroid Hormone • PTH (Parathyroid hormone) • Responsible for pulling calcium from bones and depositing it into the bloodstream.

  41. Thymus Gland • Location: Longish gland in the middle of your chest.

  42. Thymus Hormone • Thymosin • Assists the immune system

  43. Adrenal Glands • Location: Located right on top of kidneys

  44. Adrenal hormones • Aldosterone • Maintain blood salts (primarily Na+, K+)

  45. Adrenal hormones • Cortisone: • Kicks in to help body with long term stress.

  46. Adrenal hormones • Epinephrine • Kicks in when body undergoes short term stress • Test-taking, car accident, caught in a lie…etc.

  47. Pancreas • Location: Found right behind the stomach

  48. Pancreas hormones • Insulin • Decreases blood sugar

  49. Pancreas hormones • Glucagon • Increases blood sugar

  50. Ovaries • Small, almond shaped organs on the ends of the fallopian tubes.

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