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The Cardiovascular System

The Cardiovascular System. Blood. Thursday 4/24/03 Pages 322-326. Thursday 4/24/03 Pages 322-326. Functions of Blood. Transportation Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Heat Waste products Hormones. RBCs are most numerous, white blood cells are stained purple.

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The Cardiovascular System

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  1. The Cardiovascular System Blood

  2. Thursday 4/24/03Pages 322-326

  3. Thursday 4/24/03Pages 322-326 Functions of Blood • Transportation • Oxygen • Carbon dioxide • Nutrients • Heat • Waste products • Hormones RBCs are most numerous, white blood cells are stained purple.

  4. Thursday 4/24/03Pages 322-326 Functions of Blood • Regulation • pH using buffers • Body temperature • Water content of cells. Water content of blood is regulated by the kidneys

  5. Thursday 4/24/03Pages 322-326 Functions of Blood • Protection • Blood loss • Against microbes and viruses. Red Blood Cell Infected With Malaria

  6. TortoraPages 322-326 Physical Characteristics of Blood • Temperature • 38 C. • More viscous than water. • pH • 7.35 - 7.45 • Volume • 5-6 liters (male) • 4-5 liters (female) • Percent total body weight • 8 percent

  7. TortoraPages 322-326 Components of Blood • Formed elements • Erythrocytes • Leukocytes • Granular • Agranular • Thrombocytes Neutrophil Platelets RBC

  8. TortoraPages 326-330 Formation of Blood • Hemopoiesis • Occurs in fetus • Yolk sac • Liver • Spleen • Thymus gland • Lymph nodes • Red marrow

  9. TortoraPages 326-330 Formation of Blood • Hemopoiesis • Occurs in the adult • Proximal ends of femur and humerus. • Flat bones such as scapula, ribs, pelvis, sternum. Originates from hemopoietic stem cells. Stem cells differentiate into five types of blood cells.

  10. TortoraPages 326-330 Erythrocytes • Structure • Biconcave discs. • 8 microns in diameter • No nucleus or organelles. • Contains hemoglobin. • 4.5 to 5.5 million per.mm3.

  11. TortoraPages 326-330 Erythrocytes • Function • Carries oxygen & carbon dioxide. • Hemoglobin consists of four proteins attached to four hemes • Each heme has iron. • Iron attaches to oxygen.

  12. TortoraPages 326-330 Erythrocytes • RBC’s create ATP anaerobically. • (Use no O2 that they carry) • ATP’s maintain biconvcave shape.

  13. TortoraPages 326-330 Erythrocytes • Life Span • RBC’s live from 3 to 120 days. • Removed by spleen, liver, and red bone marrow. (Macrophages)

  14. TortoraPages 326-330 Erythrocytes • Jaundice • Heme is usually converted into bilirubin. • Liver excretes it into the large intestine. • Liver fails to process bilirubin in newborns.

  15. TortoraPages 326-330 Erythrocytes • Production of RBC’s • Erythropoiesis • Kidney’s determine rate of RBC production. • Kidneys produce erythropoietin. • Speeds up erythropoiesis.

  16. TortoraPages 326-330 Leukocytes • Structure • Contains a nucleus. • Granular • Neutrophils • Eosinophils • Basophils • Agranular • Lymphocytes

  17. TortoraPages 326-330 Leukocytes • Functions • Neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytic. • Monocytes are referred to as macrophages. • WBC’s are capable of emigration (diapedesis). • Capable of chemotaxis. Monocyte

  18. TortoraPages 326-330 Leukocytes • Life Span • Most live just a few days. • Lymphocytes live years. • 5,000 - 7,000/ mm3.

  19. TortoraPages 326-330 Leukocytes • Number • 5,000 - 7,000/ mm3. • Leukocytes are produced in the red bone marrow. Macrophages

  20. TortoraPages 326-330 Thrombocytes • Structure • Fragment of cytoplasm surrounded by membrane. • Originate from a megakaryocyte. • Megakaryocyte fragments to form platelets. Thrombocyte

  21. TortoraPages 326-330 Thrombocytes • Function • Forms a plug to stop bleeding. • Initiates clotting process.

  22. TortoraPages 326-330 Thrombocytes • Life Span • 5 to 9 days. • Number • 250,000 to 400,000 mm3. • Production • Formed in red bone marrow.

  23. Tortora Pages 330-335 Hemostasis • Three mechanisms • Vascular spasm • Platelet plug formation • Blood coagulation

  24. Tortora Pages 330-335 Hemostasis • Vascular Spasm • Smooth muscle in wall contracts. • Initiated by nociceptors. • Last form 20 minutes to several hours.

  25. Tortora Pages 330-335 Hemostasis • Platelet Plug Formation • Platelets get ‘sticky’ when they come in contact with damages blood vessel.

  26. Tortora Pages 330-335 Hemostasis • Coagulation • Clotting involves several coagulation factors. • Formation f prothrombinase. • Prothrombin converted to thrombin. • Fibrinogen converted to fibrin by thrombin. • Fibrin forms threads of protein that trap RBC’s to form clot.

  27. Tortora Pages 330-335 Hemostasis • Extrinsic pathway • Initiated from outside the circulatory system • Tissue Factor (TF) found on surface of cells cause the formation of prothrombinase.

  28. Tortora Pages 330-335 Hemostasis • Intrinsic pathway • Initiated from inside the blood vessels. • Slower than extrinsic. • Initiated when blood contacts damaged endothelial cells.

  29. Tortora Pages 330-335 Blood Groupings • ABO • Based on types of proteins (antigens) on surface of the red blood cells. • Type A has only A antigen. • Type B has only B antigen. • Type O has none. • Type AB has both.

  30. Tortora Pages 330-335

  31. Tortora Pages 330-335 Blood Groupings • Type O is the universal donor. • Type AB is the universal recepient

  32. Tortora Pages 330-335 Blood Groupings • Typing Blood. • Antisera • Clumping means antigen is present.

  33. Tortora Pages 330-335 Blood Groupings • Rh • Separate system • Positive • Negative

  34. Tortora Pages 330-335 Rh Incompatibility

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