Fractures and Bone Disease

1. Fractures and Bone Disease What bone(s) have you fractured?

2. Bone Humour

3. Types of Fractures Simple fracture Compound fracture Comminuted fracture Stress fracture

4. Simple Fractures - No separation of the bone into parts - A break or crack is detectable. -a.k.a. hairline or greenstick fracture

5. Compound Fractures - Occurs when the bone breaks into separate pieces. - The bone can be exposed through skin. - aka “Open fracture” or “transverse fracture”

6. Comminuted Fractures - Occurs when the broken ends of the bone shatters into many pieces

7. What kind of fracture is this?

8. What kind of fracture is this?

9. Stress Fractures • Most common in sport. • Muscles become too fatigued to absorb shock therefore, stress is placed on the bone. • Bone develops a tiny crack or stress fracture.

10. Stress Fractures Causes: • Change in playing surface. • Poor footwear. • Unusual or repeated stress. Cure: • Rest: 6-8 weeks with no activity. • Returning too soon may result in longer recovery times due to larger stress fracture development.

11. Symptoms of a Fracture • Sharp pain and tenderness. • Swelling. • Discolouration of skin. • Grating or grinding movement.

12. Bone Healing • Bones heal by rebuilding themselves in the same way that they grow – Remember?…if not look at the next slide… • Complications occur when there is an infection at the site or if the bone repairs itself but is misaligned – needs to be broken and realigned.

14. Bone Disease Range from problems related to: • Abnormal stress on bones • Problems of metabolism and growth • Infectious organisms and tumours • Heredity

15. Bone Disease Osteomyelitis Infectious organisms (including tumours) that attack the bone and compromise strength.

16. Bone Disease Rickets = Deficient mineralization in children. Bone growth and repair are compromised. Osteomalacia = Same as rickets but for adults. Hypophosphatasia = Inherited enzyme deficiency.

17. Bone Disease Osteogenesis Imperfecta Connective tissue (periosteum) is affected -aka “brittle bone” disease -hereditary

18. Bone Disease Kyphosis: Stooped posture caused by collapsed vertebrae in elderly.

19. Bones and Aging… • Osteoporosis = Porous bones. • Degenerative condition that involves low bone mass and deterioration of bones. • Post-menopausal women > Risk. • Increase susceptibility to bone fracture – especially in hip, spine and wrist.

20. Osteoporosis…

21. Preventing Osteoporosis Building strong bones during childhood and adolescence is the best defense. • A balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D. • Weight bearing exercise. • A healthy lifestyle – no smoking or excessive alcohol. • Bone density testing and medication when appropriate. * There is still no cure for Osteoporosis *

22. Ouch!!!

23. Anatomical Terminology • Layman Terminology: Samantha has broken the bottom of her arm. • Anatomical Terminology: Samantha has fractured the distal aspect of her humerus.

24. Anatomical Terminology • Layman Terminology: This x-ray is a front view of the collarbone. • Anatomical Terminology: This x-ray is an anterior view of the clavicle.

25. Anatomical Terminology • Layman Terminology: This is a side view of the athlete bending and straightening his ankle. • Anatomical Terminology: This is a sagittal view of the athlete dorsiflexing and plantar flexing the ankle.

26. Anatomical Terminology • Layman Terminology: This is a cross-section of the upper part of the thigh bone. • Anatomical Terminology: This is a transverse view of the proximal aspect of the femur.