Chapter 31 AP Notes Wilson was eventually forced to lead us to war

1. Chapter 31 AP Notes Wilson was eventually forced to lead us to war Jan. 1917-”Peace Without Victory” Jan 31, 1917-Germany announced unrestricted Sub Warfare-Why? Wilson broke diplomatic ties yet no war yet War Wilson asked Congress to allow American merchant ships to be armed-Filibustered in the Senate(American Isolationism?) Zimmerman Note-March 1, 1917 U-boats sank unarmed US vessels/Russia’s tsar toppled April 2, 1917 Wilson asked Congress to declare war-forced by munitions manufacturers and Wall Street

2. Idealism • Wilson eventually entangled us in a European War • Pride on neutrality & wealth from this-56 no votes(Jeannette Rankin) • Wilson would have to proclaim more glorification than to make the safe from the sub-”War to End All Wars”-”Make the World Safe for Democracy”-Idealism!! • Wilson firmly believed these ideas were effective-maybe too effective?

3. 14 Points • Moral Leader of Allied cause • Jan 8, 1918 a speech to Congress outlined Wilson’s long term goals-Push Allies to make promises to dissatisfied minorities in enemy nations • Abolish secret treaties • Freedom of the Seas • Removal of Economic Barriers • Reduction of Armaments • Adjustment of Colonial Claims in interests of natives and colonized-anti-imperialist • Self-Determination • League of Nations • Not well received everywhere?

4. Creel • Mobilize minds-G. Creel-sell US the war & sell Wilson ideas to the world • 150,000 workers at home and abroad-speeches, posters, leaflets, pamphlets-Propaganda • Movies & songs • Aroused passion and oversold Wilson

5. Loyalty/ Dissent • German-American-over 8 million-very loyal • Rumors abound yet only some suspect • Hatred of Germany strong and growing(Language, books, music, changed names) • Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 • 1,900 prosecutions (Eugene V. Debs) • Any criticism of govmnt could be censored & punished-1st Amendment? • Schenck v. US (1919)-SC affirmed legality if speech posed a “clear and present danger”

6. Factories • US was unprepared-Wilson had mildly prepared US-Council of National Defense to study problems of economic mobilization/shipbuilding program/modest army-100,000 regulars-daunting task • Big obstacles for economic mobilizers-many did not want federal controls which were needed • Late in war Wilson apptd. Bernard Baruch to head War Industries Board-not overly successful-Laissez-Faire ruled the day

7. Workers • “Labor will win the war”-War Department-”Work or Fight” rule of 1918 • No striking/National War Labor Board-headed by Taft-worked to help labor and avoid strikes-certain concessions yet no guarantees to organize Unions • Gompers and AF of L supported the war yet some groups did not (IWW) and sabotaged-poor work conditions for many & when some protested they were beaten, arrested, or had to run from towns or cities • AF of L doubled membership to over 30 million-mining, manufacturing, transportation-Real Wages Rose! • Problem-Inflation rose too-1914-1920 prices doubled

8. 6,000 strikes broke out-1919 Steel industry strike-1/4 million walked off the job in an effort to demand collective bargaining-owner resisted and brought in African American replacements-strike collapsed • African American movement North-Great Migration began during the years of WWI-upset many whites in segregated towns • East St. Louis riots-9 whites/40 blacks dead/Chicago-15 whites & 23 blacks

9. Suffrage • Women also went to work-Women’s Movement was Pacifist • National Women’s Party-anti-Wilson War • Larger group-National American Women’s Suffrage Association-for the war and opportunity-more democracy • Women’s work pushed suffrage movement • 1920-19th Amendment • Most women gave up jobs after the war • Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act of 1921-federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care • Continued work for female protection in work and child labor

10. War Economy • Mostly unorganized war effort-had to feed allies-Food Administration-led by Herbert Hoover-Voluntary Compliance-Propaganda of posters, billboards, papers, movies(Wheatless Wednesdays, Meatless Tuesdays) Victory Gardens-Prohibition spurred on as many brewers were German-1919-18th Amendment • Farm Production increased by 1/4 and food exports to allies tripled • Fuel Administration pushed to conserve-4 Great Liberty Loan Drives-”Halt the Hun” • Treasury Department pushed the Victory Loan-$21 Billion-paid for 2/3 of current war-the rest raised by increased taxes-Ultimate Bill-$112 billion • Those who did not invest faced pressures • Government took over RR and pushed for new vessels

11. Fighters • Navy and $ to allies • Put a draft into effect (18-45)-no dodgers! • Army grew to over 4 million-women and African American involved also Fighting in France • Russia treatied out-Germans to the West • US forces slow to mobilize-fell into Germany’s plans • Gradually worked into the fighting-fought in Russia, Belgium, and Italy • Sent to Siberia-prevent Japan and rescue 45,000 Czech troops and snatch military supplies from the Bolsheviks

12. Hammering the Huns • Germans push into Western Front began in Spring of 1918-spurred by 1/2 million troops • By late May Germans advanced close to Paris • Americans entered and were thrown in at Chateau-Thierry-New Energy • By July the German drive was halted and pushed back • General Pershing led the AEF-last major offensive in Meuse-Argonne-Sept-Nov 1918-cut off German supply lines-10% casualties for US • Germany running out of time and resources

13. 14 Points • Germany turned towards Wilson w/ armistice-ordered Kaiser out and fled to Holland • 11-11-11-US rejoiced • US main contributions were food, munitions, credits, oil, manpower and not battlefield victories-endless US troops forced the German hand • Not actually the arsenal of democracy

14. Wilson Steps Down from Olympus • Wilson’s popularity was high especially in Europe-”Moral leader of the World”-major blunders? • Slogan-”Politics Adjourned” during war-appealed for a Democratic victory in 1918 Elections-voter put narrow Republican majority in Congress-Wilson went to Paris with a Legislative minority • First president to go to Europe during their term-left Republican Senators at home-HC Lodge?

15. Idealist vs. Imperialists • Wilson received great receptions in Europe in early 1919 • Leaders of Europe tried to keep him from crowds • Paris Conference-Big 4-Wilson-US, Orlando-Italy, Lloyd George-Britain, Clemenceau-France • Had to work quickly-Bolshevism spreading • Wilson’s ultimate goal-League of Nations • First focused on handing out of colonized lands-Compromise • Wilson wanted League with seat for all nations with council to be controlled by great powers

16. Treaty • Wilson had to make a quick trip home for domestic battles • William Borah-Idaho/Hiram Johnson-California-anti-League-39 Republican Senators announced they would defeat the treaty • Foreign allies delighted-Anti-Wilson-Wilson would now have to beg for safeguards to Monroe Doctrine and other interests • Wilson went back to Paris-Clemenceau pushed for Rhineland and Saar Valley-Compromise-Saar Valley would be under League of Nations for 15 years and then Saar population would vote-Exchange for Rhineland-France received promise from US and Britain to help if Germany attacked again • Next battle-Fiume-Wilson wanted it to go to Yugoslavia yet Italy wanted-Italians lost and left • Japan wanted Shandong Peninsula and Germany’s Pacific Islands-gave islands to League yet Japan later fortified

17. Wilson opposed takeover of Peninsula-30 million Chinese! • Japan threatened to leave and Wilson compromised-Allowed Japan to keep Germany’s economic holdings in the Shandong and promised to return to China later Peace Treaty---War • Treaty handed to Germany in June 1919-left out of negotiations and told treaty would be based on 14 Points-only 4 honored-great bitterness • Had to be compromise of no agreement would come-League of Nations was the prize-Wilson a fallen idol-condemned by Left and Right-hoped League would work our issues and inequalities • Some good-Poland!

18. Parade/Tour • Wilson returned to US-nobody really happy-Too harsh or not harsh enough • Wilson decided to take a tour and make the case for the treaty to the people • HC Lodge use opportunity to delay and and divide-read entire treaty in the SFRC • Wilson’s barnstorming campaign to public began Sept. 1919 • Borah and Johnson followed • Wilson collapsed and suffered a stroke

19. Defeat • Lodge created 14 formal reservations-safeguards for the Monroe Doctrine-made sure Congress retained right to declare war-NO LEAGUE! • Wilson hated Lodge and reservations and told Democrats to vote against the Treaty w/ Lodge reservations-TWICE! Solemn Referendum of 1920 • Republican Harding • Democrat James Cox/FDR • Major victory for Harding?

20. Betrayal of Expectation • Undercut League by not joining • Collapse of Treaty of Versailles-partly the fault of the US-never ratified and took part in League • US shunned security treaty w/ France-France increased military and Germany illegally rearmed • US mistakes!!!