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Introduction to Phylum Arthropoda

Introduction to Phylum Arthropoda. Dr. Vera Krischik, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota. Phylum Arthropoda. Segmented body. Paired segmented appendages. Bilateral symmetry. Chitinous exoskeleton. Tubular alimentary canal with mouth and anus.

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Introduction to Phylum Arthropoda

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  1. Introduction to Phylum Arthropoda Dr. Vera Krischik, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota

  2. Phylum Arthropoda • Segmented body. • Paired segmented appendages. • Bilateral symmetry. • Chitinous exoskeleton. • Tubular alimentary canal with mouth and anus. • Open circulatory system, a tubular dorsal blood vessel. • Body cavity or coelom. • Nervous system of anterior ganglia and paired nerve cords. • Striated muscles in skeletal system. • Respiration by gills, tracheae, or spiracle.

  3. Phylum Arthropoda • Insects • Arachnids (spiders, ticks, mites, etc.) • Crustaceans • Millipedes • Centipedes Cottonwood Leaf Beetle,Chrysomela scripta CUES, http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/IPM-turf/sodwebworms.htm Sod Webworm Moth, Crambus sp.

  4. Class Crustacea: Crabs, lobsters, sowbugs • Two main body sections. • Five to seven pairs of legs. • Twopairs ofantennae. • Simpleeyes. O.F.A.H.http://www.invadingspecies.com/ Crayfish

  5. Class Crustacea: Crabs, lobsters, sowbugs Pillbugs

  6. Class Chilopoda: Centipedes • One pair of legs per body segment. • Flattened body. • First pair of legs modified as venomous fangs. • Nocturnal predators. • Few are dangerous to humans. Garden Centipede,Lithobius forficatus Department of Entomology,University of Nebraska-Lincoln

  7. Class Chilopoda: Centipedes Georgia ForestryCommission ArchivesGeorgia ForestryCommissionwww.forestryimages.org Fangs of Scolopendrid Centipede (above)House Centipede,Scutigera coleoptrata (right) Department of Entomology,University of Nebraska-Lincoln

  8. Class Diplopoda: Millipedes • Two pairs of legs per body segment. • Cylindrical body. • Feed ondecayingplantmaterial. • Nocturnal. • Harmless. Emily G. Tenczar Pet African Giant Millipedes

  9. Class Diplopoda: Millipedes Photos by William Leonard, Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html

  10. Class Arachnida: Spiders, ticks, mites, harvestman, scorpions, etc. Tick Mite Yellow Garden Spider

  11. Class Arachnida Ronald F. BillingsTexas Forest Servicewww.forestryimages.org • Mouthparts are calledchelicerae. • Most contain venom. • Antennae are absent. • Four pairs of legs. • Book lungs for respiration. Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis Yellow Garden Spider,Argiope aurantia Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service, www.insectimages.org

  12. Class Arachnida:Order Araneae: Spiders • Two body regions(cephalothorax, abdomen). • Fangs (chelicerae), mostare venomous. • Most are not dangerous. • Most make webs. • Most have poor eyesight;hairs compensate for it(jumping spiders are an exception). • Potentially dangerous spiders (bites are uncommon): Brown recluse spider, Black widow spider David Cappaert, www.insectimages.org Jumping Spider, Phidippus audax

  13. Class Arachnida:Order Araneae: Spiders David Keith, Department of EntomologyUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln Crab Spider,Misumenoides formosipes Wolf Spider,Lycosa carolinensis James O. Howell, The University of Georgia, www.forestryimages.org

  14. Class Arachnida:Order Opiliones: Harvestman (Daddy Longlegs) • One apparent bodyregion. • Abdomen andcephalothorax short. • Common and harmless. • Nocturnal. • Feed on detritus, fruit,or other animals. Leiobunum sp. Joseph Berger, www.insectimages.org

  15. Class Arachnida:Order Scorpiones: Scorpions • Long tail with sting. • Pedipalps are modifiedas pinchers. • Most scorpion stingsare no worse than beestings; only a minorityof species arepotentially dangerous. • Nocturnal. • Common in warmclimates. • Feed on other animals. E. Tenczar Striped Bark Scorpion, Centruroides vittatus,gravid female from Texas

  16. Class Arachnida:Order Scorpiones: Scorpions E. Tenczar E. Tenczar Emperor Scorpion,Pandinus imperator,female eating cockroach, native to West Africa Northern Desert Hairy Scorpion, Hadrurus spadix,native to US

  17. Class Arachnida:Order Scorpiones: Scorpions E. Tenczar Arizona Bark Scorpion, Centruroides exilicauda, mating

  18. Class Arachnida:Order Scorpiones: Scorpions E. Tenczar E. Tenczar Flat Rock Scorpion,Hadogenes troglodytes,female, native toSouth Africa Lined Devil Scorpion,Vaejovis spinigerus,female from Arizona with young

  19. Class Arachnida:Order Scorpiones: Scorpions E. Tenczar Slenderbrown Bark Scorpion,Centruroides gracilis,male from Central America E. Tenczar Pandinus imperator; scorpions glow under UV/ black light

  20. Class Arachnida:Order Scorpiones: Scorpions E. Tenczar E. Tenczar Black Thick-Tailed Scorpion, Parabuthus transvaalicus, a highly venomous species native to South Africa

  21. Class Arachnida: Order Acari: Ticks • Ticks have two body regions. • Young have six legs, adults have eight. • There are hard and soft-bodied ticks. • Ticks are much larger than mites, some females as large as a nickel. Jim Occi, BugPics, www.insectimages.org Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis

  22. Class Arachnida:Order Acari: Chiggers • Attach to skin using twoclaws. • Two blade-like beaks enterthe skin. • Injected fluid dissolves skintissue around beaks, buthardens surrounding tissue so that a stylostome, or tube is formed. • Chigger sucks up liquid through stylostome. • Tube remains after chigger leaves, causing itching. Chigger Bites on Human

  23. Class Arachnida:Order Acari: Mites • Mites have only one noticeable body region. • Many are microscopic or close to it.

  24. Mites • Egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph, adult. • Four pair legs; three pairs on larvae. • Two body segments: head, thorax. • Chelicerae: fangs like spiders. • Suck cells. • Cause chlorosis; yellowing of foliage. • Transmit disease. • Diagnostics: chlorosis, webbing, rusetting, galls.

  25. Mites • Female: round abdomen • Male: pointed abdomen • Larva 3 pairs of legs

  26. Mite Life Cycles

  27. Warm/Cool Season Mites Warm season • Twospotted spider mite • European red mite • Bulb mite • Gall, rust mite • Cyclamen mite Cool season • Spruce spider mite • Clover mite Jack Kelly Clark, University of Californiahttp://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/T/I-AC-TSPP-AD.022.html Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae

  28. Mites in the Greenhouse Family Tetranychidae: • Twospotted spider mite • Lewis mite Family Tarsonemidae: • Cyclamen mite • Broad mite Family Acaridae: • Bulb mite Family Eriophyidae: • Gall, rust mite CUEShttp://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/inter/inmine/Mitesc.html Cyclamen Mite

  29. Mites in the Landscape • Family Eriophyidae: gall or vagrant mites • Family Tetranychidae: spider mites • Family Tarsonemidae: cyclamen/broad mites • Family Phytoseiidae: predatory mites • Family Acaridae: bulb mite • Family Oribatidae: soil mites Broad Mite CUES, http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/inter/inmine/Mitesc.html

  30. Family Phytoseiidae: Predatory mites Predatory mites: Phytoseiulus persimilis

  31. Family Tetranychidae: Spider mites Clover Mite, Bryobia praetiosa • Found in turf. • Long front legs. • Make webbing in fall.

  32. Epiclass Hexapoda:Insects, springtails, diplurans, proturans • Three distinct bodyregions: head, thorax,abdomen. • One pair antenna. • One pair of mandibles. • One pair of maxillae. • Three pairs of legs onthorax. • Tracheal respiratory system- composed of tubes with holes (spiracles) through the body that admit air. Japanese Beetle,Popillia japonica

  33. Class Entognatha:Order Diplura: Diplurans David R. Maddison, Tree of Life Web Projecthttp://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html • Ametabolous: simplemetamorphosis. • Two caudal filaments. • Compound eyes. • Antennae. • Wingless adults. • Difference between nymphs and adults is size. • Feed on decomposing materials.

  34. Class Entognatha:Order Collembola: Springtails • Ametabolous: simple metamorphosis. • Furcula or fork-like springing structures. • Simple eyes. • Antennae. • Wingless adults. • Differencebetween nymphsand adults is size. • Feed ondecomposingmaterials. David R. Maddison, Tree of Life Web Projecthttp://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html

  35. Class Entognatha:Order Protura: Proturans • Ametabolous:simplemetamorphosis. • No eyes. • No antennae. • Very small. • Wingless. • Difference between nymphs and adults is size. • Feed on decomposing materials. David R. Maddison, Tree of Life Web Projecthttp://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html

  36. Class Insecta: Insects • Protruding mouthparts, unlike non-insect hexapods. • Ametabolous, hemimetabolous, parametabolus, or holometabolous. • Most have wings. David Cappaert, www.insectimages.org Milkweed Leaf Beetle,Labidomera clivicollis

  37. Class Insecta:Order Thysanura: Silverfish • Ametabolous: simple metamorphosis. • Three tail-like appendages. • Body flattened and covered with scales. • Wingless adults. • Differencebetween nymphsand adults is size. • Found inwet places. Lepisma saccharina Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Serieswww.insectimages.org

  38. Class Insecta: Pterygota: Winged Insects Lacy L. HycheAuburn Universitywww.insectimages.org • Most adult forms have wings. • Hemimetabolous, parametabolus, or holometabolous. Polyphemus Moth, Antheraea polyphemus

  39. Class Insecta:Order Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Tree of Life Web Project http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html • Hemimetabolousmetamorphosis:simple, incomplete. • Winged adults live for a day. • Wings at rest held over body. • 2-3 caudal filaments. • Nymphs and adults in different habitat. • Nymphs and adults different in appearance. • Aquatic nymphs with gills. • Indicate good water quality.

  40. Class Insecta:Order Odonata: Dragonflies and damselflies • Hemimetabolous metamorphosis: simple, incomplete. • Toothed mandibles (chewing mouthparts). • Winged adults. • Nymphs and adults different in appearance. • Aquatic nymphs with gills. • Indicate good water quality. David Cappaert, www.insectimages.org Damselfly

  41. Class Insecta: Pterygota, Neoptera • These insects can fold their wings back over the body. • Hemimetabolous, parametabolus, or holometabolous. Green Stink Bug, Acrosternum hilare David Cappaert, www.insectimages.org

  42. Class Insecta:Order Plecoptera: Stoneflies • Hemimetabolous metamorphosis:simple, incomplete. • Folded wings. • Winged adults. • Chewing mouthparts. • Aquatic, gillednymphs. Triznaka signata adult (top), Perlesta decipiensnymph (bottom) C. Riley Nelson Tree of Life Web Projecthttp://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html

  43. Class Insecta: Pterygota, Neoptera:Paurometabolous/gradual Metamorphosis • Walkingsticks • Grasshoppers and crickets • Mantids • Cockroaches • Termites • Earwigs • Stoneflies • Lice • True Bugs • Cicadas, hoppers and aphids • Thrips

  44. Class Insecta:Order Phasmatodea: Walkingsticks • Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual. • Winged adults. • Chewing mouthparts. • Nymphs and adults in same habitat. • Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Herbert A. "Joe" Pase III, Texas Forest Service, www.insectimages.org Anisomorpha sp.

  45. Class Insecta: Order Orthoptera: Grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets • Paurametabolousmetamorphosis: gradual. • Straight wings. • Winged adults. • Chewing mouthparts. • Nymphs and adults in same habitat. • Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Redlegged Grasshopper,Melanoplus femurrubrum Russ Ottens, The University of Georgia www.insectimages.org

  46. Class Insecta:Order Mantodea: Mantids Clemson Universityhttp://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/benefici/ce178.htm • Paurametabolousmetamorphosis:gradual. • Winged adults. • Chewing mouthparts. • Nymphs and adults insame habitat. • Nymphs and adultssimilar in appearance. Praying Mantis

  47. Class Insecta:Order Blattaria: Cockroaches • Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual. • Winged adults. • Chewing mouthparts. • Nymphs and adults in same habitat. • Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series www.insectimages.org American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana

  48. Class Insecta:Order Isoptera: Termites • Paurametabolousmetamorphosis:gradual. • Equal wings. • Winged adults. • Chewingmouthparts. • Nymphs andadults in samehabitat. • Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Gerald J. Lenhard, www.insectimages.org Formosan Subterranean Termite,Coptotermesformosanus

  49. Class Insecta:Order Dermaptera: Earwigs • Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual. • Skin-like front wings. • Winged adults. • Chewing mouthparts. • Nymphs and adults in same habitat. • Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Striped Earwig,Labidura riparia Joseph Berger, www.insectimages.org

  50. Class Insecta: Order Phthiraptera (Mallophaga and Anoplura): Lice • Paurametabolous metamorphosis: gradual. • Wingless adults. • Chewing or suckingmouthparts. • Nymphs and adultsin same habitat. • Nymphs and adultssimilar in appearance. Sucking Louse,Haematopinus eurysternus Iowa State University''s Entomology Image Gallery

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