Introduction to Phylum Arthropoda

1. Introduction to Phylum Arthropoda

2. Phylum Arthropoda • Segmented body. • Paired segmented appendages. • Bilateral symmetry. • Chitinous exoskeleton. • Tubular alimentary canal with mouth and anus. • Open circulatory system, a tubular dorsal blood vessel. • Body cavity or coelom. • Nervous system of anterior ganglia and paired nerve cords. • Striated muscles in skeletal system. • Respiration by gills, tracheae, or spiracle.

3. Phylum Arthropoda • Insects • Arachnids (spiders, ticks, mites, etc.) • Crustaceans • Millipedes • Centipedes Cottonwood Leaf Beetle,Chrysomela scripta CUES, http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/IPM-turf/sodwebworms.htm Sod Webworm Moth, Crambus sp.

4. Class Crustacea: Crabs, lobsters, sowbugs • Two main body sections. • Five to seven pairs of legs. • Twopairs ofantennae. • Simpleeyes. O.F.A.H.http://www.invadingspecies.com/ Crayfish

5. Class Crustacea: Crabs, lobsters, sowbugs Pillbugs

6. Class Chilopoda: Centipedes • One pair of legs per body segment. • Flattened body. • First pair of legs modified as venomous fangs. • Nocturnal predators. • Few are dangerous to humans. Garden Centipede,Lithobius forficatus Department of Entomology,University of Nebraska-Lincoln

7. Class Chilopoda: Centipedes Georgia ForestryCommission ArchivesGeorgia ForestryCommissionwww.forestryimages.org Fangs of Scolopendrid Centipede (above)House Centipede,Scutigera coleoptrata (right) Department of Entomology,University of Nebraska-Lincoln

8. Class Diplopoda: Millipedes • Two pairs of legs per body segment. • Cylindrical body. • Feed ondecayingplantmaterial. • Nocturnal. • Harmless. Emily G. Tenczar Pet African Giant Millipedes

9. Class Diplopoda: Millipedes Photos by William Leonard, Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html

10. Class Arachnida: Spiders, ticks, mites, harvestman, scorpions, etc. Tick Mite Yellow Garden Spider

11. Class Arachnida Ronald F. BillingsTexas Forest Servicewww.forestryimages.org • Mouthparts are calledchelicerae. • Most contain venom. • Antennae are absent. • Four pairs of legs. • Book lungs for respiration. Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis Yellow Garden Spider,Argiope aurantia Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service, www.insectimages.org

12. Class Arachnida:Order Araneae: Spiders • Two body regions(cephalothorax, abdomen). • Fangs (chelicerae), mostare venomous. • Most are not dangerous. • Most make webs. • Most have poor eyesight;hairs compensate for it(jumping spiders are an exception). • Potentially dangerous spiders (bites are uncommon): Brown recluse spider, Black widow spider David Cappaert, www.insectimages.org Jumping Spider, Phidippus audax

13. Class Arachnida:Order Araneae: Spiders David Keith, Department of EntomologyUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln Crab Spider,Misumenoides formosipes Wolf Spider,Lycosa carolinensis James O. Howell, The University of Georgia, www.forestryimages.org

14. Class Arachnida:Order Opiliones: Harvestman (Daddy Longlegs) • One apparent bodyregion. • Abdomen andcephalothorax short. • Common and harmless. • Nocturnal. • Feed on detritus, fruit,or other animals. Leiobunum sp. Joseph Berger, www.insectimages.org

15. Class Arachnida:Order Scorpiones: Scorpions • Long tail with sting. • Pedipalps are modifiedas pinchers. • Most scorpion stingsare no worse than beestings; only a minorityof species arepotentially dangerous. • Nocturnal. • Common in warmclimates. • Feed on other animals. E. Tenczar Striped Bark Scorpion, Centruroides vittatus,gravid female from Texas

16. Class Arachnida:Order Scorpiones: Scorpions E. Tenczar E. Tenczar Emperor Scorpion,Pandinus imperator,female eating cockroach, native to West Africa Northern Desert Hairy Scorpion, Hadrurus spadix,native to US

17. Class Arachnida:Order Scorpiones: Scorpions E. Tenczar Arizona Bark Scorpion, Centruroides exilicauda, mating

18. Class Arachnida:Order Scorpiones: Scorpions E. Tenczar E. Tenczar Flat Rock Scorpion,Hadogenes troglodytes,female, native toSouth Africa Lined Devil Scorpion,Vaejovis spinigerus,female from Arizona with young

19. Class Arachnida:Order Scorpiones: Scorpions E. Tenczar Slenderbrown Bark Scorpion,Centruroides gracilis,male from Central America E. Tenczar Pandinus imperator; scorpions glow under UV/ black light

20. Class Arachnida:Order Scorpiones: Scorpions E. Tenczar E. Tenczar Black Thick-Tailed Scorpion, Parabuthus transvaalicus, a highly venomous species native to South Africa

21. Class Arachnida: Order Acari: Ticks • Ticks have two body regions. • Young have six legs, adults have eight. • There are hard and soft-bodied ticks. • Ticks are much larger than mites, some females as large as a nickel. Jim Occi, BugPics, www.insectimages.org Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis

22. Class Arachnida:Order Acari: Mites • Mites have only one noticeable body region. • Many are microscopic or close to it.

23. Mites • Female: round abdomen • Male: pointed abdomen • Larva 3 pairs of legs

24. Family Phytoseiidae: Predatory mites Predatory mites: Phytoseiulus persimilis

25. Family Tetranychidae: Spider mites Clover Mite, Bryobia praetiosa • Found in turf. • Long front legs. • Make webbing in fall.

26. Epiclass Hexapoda:Insects, springtails, diplurans, proturans • Three distinct bodyregions: head, thorax,abdomen. • One pair antenna. • One pair of mandibles. • One pair of maxillae. • Three pairs of legs onthorax. • Tracheal respiratory system- composed of tubes with holes (spiracles) through the body that admit air. Japanese Beetle,Popillia japonica

27. Class Insecta: Insects • Protruding mouthparts, unlike non-insect hexapods. • Ametabolous, hemimetabolous, parametabolus, or holometabolous. • Most have wings. David Cappaert, www.insectimages.org Milkweed Leaf Beetle,Labidomera clivicollis

28. Class Insecta:Order Thysanura: Silverfish • Ametabolous: simple metamorphosis. • Three tail-like appendages. • Body flattened and covered with scales. • Wingless adults. • Differencebetween nymphsand adults is size. • Found inwet places. Lepisma saccharina Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Serieswww.insectimages.org

29. Class Insecta: Pterygota: Winged Insects Lacy L. HycheAuburn Universitywww.insectimages.org • Most adult forms have wings. • Hemimetabolous, parametabolus, or holometabolous. Polyphemus Moth, Antheraea polyphemus

30. Class Insecta:Order Odonata: Dragonflies and damselflies • Hemimetabolous metamorphosis: simple, incomplete. • Toothed mandibles (chewing mouthparts). • Winged adults. • Nymphs and adults different in appearance. • Aquatic nymphs with gills. • Indicate good water quality. David Cappaert, www.insectimages.org Damselfly

31. Class Insecta: Pterygota, Neoptera • These insects can fold their wings back over the body. Green Stink Bug, Acrosternum hilare David Cappaert, www.insectimages.org

32. Class Insecta: Order Orthoptera: Grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets • Straight wings. • Winged adults. • Chewing mouthparts. • Nymphs and adults in same habitat. • Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Redlegged Grasshopper,Melanoplus femurrubrum Russ Ottens, The University of Georgia www.insectimages.org

33. Class Insecta:Order Mantodea: Mantids Clemson Universityhttp://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/benefici/ce178.htm • Winged adults. • Chewing mouthparts. • Nymphs and adults insame habitat. • Nymphs and adultssimilar in appearance. Praying Mantis

34. Class Insecta:Order Blattaria: Cockroaches • Winged adults. • Chewing mouthparts. • Nymphs and adults in same habitat. • Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series www.insectimages.org American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana

35. Class Insecta:Order Isoptera: Termites • Equal wings. • Winged adults. • Chewingmouthparts. • Nymphs andadults in samehabitat. • Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Gerald J. Lenhard, www.insectimages.org Formosan Subterranean Termite,Coptotermesformosanus

36. Class Insecta:Order Dermaptera: Earwigs • Skin-like front wings. • Winged adults. • Chewing mouthparts. • Nymphs and adults in same habitat. • Nymphs and adults similar in appearance. Striped Earwig,Labidura riparia Joseph Berger, www.insectimages.org

37. Class Insecta: Order Phthiraptera (Mallophaga and Anoplura): Lice • Wingless adults. • Chewing or suckingmouthparts. • Nymphs and adultsin same habitat. • Nymphs and adultssimilar in appearance. Sucking Louse,Haematopinus eurysternus Iowa State University''s Entomology Image Gallery

38. Order Hemiptera: Suborder Auchenorhyncha Cicadas, hoppers (formerly Order Homoptera) Spittlebug Leafhopper

39. Class Insecta: Pterygota, Neoptera, Endopterygota: Holometabolous/complete metamorphosis • Lacewings • Beetles • Scorpionflies • Fleas • Flies • Caddisflies • Moths andbutterflies • Sawflies, wasps,and bees Herbert A. "Joe" Pase III, Texas Forest Service, www.insectimages.org Forest Tent Caterpillars, Malacosoma disstria

40. Class Insecta: Order Neuroptera:Lacewings, antlions, owlflies Bradley Higbee, Paramount Farming, www.insectimages.org Green Lacewing, Chrysoperla sp., Adult (left) and Larva (right)

41. Class Insecta:Order Coleoptera: Beetles Japanese Beetle,Popillia japonica, Adult (left)and Scarab Larva (below)

42. Class Insecta:Order Coleoptera: Beetles • Hardened forewings (elytra). • Winged adults. • Chewing mouthparts. • Larvae and adults in same habitat. • Larvae and adults not similar in appearance.

43. Class Insecta:Order Siphonoptera: Fleas David R. Maddison, Tree of Life Web Projecthttp://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html • Wingless adults. • Sucking mouthparts. • Larvae and adultsnot similar inappearance. • Often pests of mammals. Oriental Rat Flea, Xenopsylla cheopis

44. Class Insecta:Order Diptera: Flies Michigan State Universityhttp://www.msue.msu.edu/vanburen/fappmag.htm Fly Larva (maggot) Tachinid Fly Adult

45. Class Insecta:Order Diptera: Flies • Winged adults. • 2nd pair of wings are halteres. • Larvae and adults often in same habitat. • Larvae and adults not similar in appearance. • Some spread diseases to humans and livestock. • Some are parasitoids.

46. Class Insecta:Order Lepidoptera: Moths and butterflies Cankerworm Larvae (right)and Adult (below) CUEShttp://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/dx/vk/canker.htm

47. Class Insecta:Order Lepidoptera: Moths and butterflies • Winged adults. • Larvae and adults not similar in appearance. • Most larvae feed on plant tissue. • Many moths are pests; most butterflies are not.

48. Class Insecta:Order Hymenoptera: Sawflies, wasps,bees, ants John H. GhentUSDA Forest Servicewww.forestryimages.org CUES, http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/dx/sk/pine11.htm Introduced Pine Sawfly, Diprion similis, Adults (left) and Larva (right)

49. Class Insecta:Order Hymenoptera: Sawflies, wasps, bees, ants • Membranous wings. • Winged adults. • Larvae and adults not similar in appearance. • Sawflies are phytophagous. • Some wasps are parasitoids. • Many wasps, bees, and all ants are social.