Section 1 Texas Secedes 1860-1865

1. Chapter 14The Civil War1860-1865Essential QuestionCould Texas Have Avoided Joining the Confederacy?

2. Section 1Texas Secedes1860-1865 Political and social issues divided the country in the early 1860s. Many southern states, including Texas, decided to separate themselves from the United States.

3. A Nation Divided • By 1860, nation was divided and many southern states were threatening to secede from Union • Both sides were willing to fight for what they believed in…war was looming • Republican Party: formed in 1854 • goal to stop western spread of slavery • Rep party members thought slavery counter to democracy and American ideals • Also wanted to end slavery in states where slavery already existed • Supported economic change and a higher tariff • Tariff: tax placed on imported or exported goods • Tariff would help American industry in North by raising prices on competing imports

4. A Nation Divided, cont • Most Texans were Democrats and were opposed to new Republican Party • Thought that Republican tariff would destroy southern economy because it depended on foreign trade and slave labor • Democrats wanted to prevent Republicans from gaining control of US government • Debate between Dem/Rep lead to arguments over state’s rights • Many in south didn’t think federal govt should have power to decide whether a state could have slavery or not • Also, they thought each state should have right to withdraw from Union if citizens voted to • Northern states disagreed and said that federal laws applied to all states and states could not legally separate from Union • These topics were strongly debated in Presidential Election of 1860

5. Presidential Election of 1860 • Democratic Party held convention on Charleston, SC to select Dem candidate…even within the party, they couldn’t agree on issue of slavery • As a result, most southern delegates (including Texas) left convention on protest • Remaining Democrats met in Baltimore, MD and selected Stephen A. Douglas (IL) as candidate for President • Democratic delegates who left Charleston, selected current VP John Breckinridge as candidate • Republican Party met in Chicago, IL and nominated Abraham Lincoln as their candidate

6. Presidential Election, cont • Split in Democratic Party, gave Republican Party better chance to win • Southern states threatened to secede from the union if Republican candidate won • To prevent this, a new party was formed • Constitutional Union Party • selected John Bell of Tennessee as their candidate. • Goal was to keep any of the 4 candidates from getting enough votes to win. Then, House of Representatives would have to choose new president • Texas Governor Sam Houston wanted to keep Union together • He wanted to be the Constitutional Union Party Candidate… • He didn’t get nomination but he fought hard to keep Texas in Union…didn’t want war at all

7. Presidential Election, cont • Texans voted for Breckinridge, then Bell, then Douglas (only 410 votes) • Lincoln didn’t receive any votes in Texas. His name wasn’t even on ballot • But, Lincoln received most Northern votes and won the election • He became the 16th president of the US

8. Reaction to Lincoln’s Election • Soon after Lincoln was elected, SC seceded from Union • Then, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana seceded from Union • They joined together as the Confederate States of America • Many Texans wanted to secede, too • They wanted a convention to vote on issue but Gov Sam Houston ignored request • Other leaders formed the convention anyway and the delegates who would vote were elected

9. The Secession Convention in Texas • Jan. 28, 1861: delegates met in Austin • Elected Judge Oran M. Roberts of Texas Supreme Court as leader • Meeting was very tense but outcome was clear…they met to vote to secede • They voted 166-8 to adopt an Ordinance of Secession Ordinance: an official order

10. Secession Convention, cont • Feb. 23, 1861: Texas citizens voted to approve the ordinance • Some counties voted against the ordinance • mostly where the German immigrants lived, some counties along Red River and in Angelina County (East Texas) • The Texas Constitution of 1845 was changed to reflect Texas’ vote • Revised constitution changed United States of America to Confederate States of America • New constitution defended state’s rights and slavery • Stated that freeing slaves was illegal • On March 2, 1861: Texas became 7th state to secede from Union

11. Texas Secession Vote Map, 1861

12. Governor Houston’s Response • Sam Houston couldn’t prevent secession • He wanted Texas to remain independent and not join Confederacy but that didn’t happen • Texas was immediately accepted into the Confederacy • During process of secession, Lincoln offered Houston federal troops to forcefully keep Texas in the Union • Houston refused use of the troops • He had fought for Texas and refused to fight against it • The troops remained in Texas even though Houston refused to use them • Dealing with the troops became first goal of new Confederate State of Texas

13. Governor Houston’s Response, cont • All Texas government officials had to take oath of office to the Confederacy but Sam Houston refused to take the oath • When his name was called 3 times to take the oath, he sat silently and office of Governor of Texas was declared vacant • Lieutenant Gov Edward Clark became the first ad interim governor of Confederate Texas • After he was removed from office, he left Austin and went to Galveston for awhile. • Then he went to Huntsville to his “steamboat house” (see p. 307) He died there on July 3, 1863 (70 yrs old)

14. John Breckinridge Edward Clark http://www.tspb.state.tx.us/spb/gallery/govs/images/1989_38_Edward_Clark_LG.jpg John Bell http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)

15. Abraham Lincoln http://www.abrahamlincolns.com/images/categories/presidential/abraham-lincoln-speech.jpg http://0.tqn.com/d/history1800s/1/0/v/3/-/-/Abraham-Lincoln-1865-400.jpg

16. Sam Houston http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ccs06 http://www.shsu.edu/~smm_www/Tour/grounds/sh1.shtml http://samhoustonmovie.com/index.php/samh/places/ http://www.roadsideamerica.com/story/7247 http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth6587/small/

17. Section 2Texans Fight for the Confederacy • Texas contributed to the Confederate military efforts by supplying soldiers to fight in important battles and defending the Gulf Coast.

18. Organizing the Confederacy • Francis R. Lubbock: Texas’ first Confederate governor • Confederate President: Jefferson Davis • 2700 Federal troops still stationed in Texas…were asked to leave • Confederate Brigadier General Ben McCulloch had to force federal soldiers out of Texas…done peacefully

19. Organizing the Confederacy, con’t • All 11 Confederate States demanded that Union surrender all federal property in their states • Many forts taken peacefully…good for Confederate states because they got the supplies that were in forts • Union troops refused to leave Fort Sumter, in Charleston, SC. • Fighting broke out • Civil War began in Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861

20. Military Strength of Texas • About 60,000-70,000 Texas volunteers fought in Civil War • Hood’s Texas Brigade: sent to Virginia to fight; named after their commander, John Bell Hood • Confederate General Robert E. Lee respected their courage and military ability; called them “my Texans” • Terry’s Texas Rangers: commanded by General Benjamin “Frank” Terry • Ross’s Brigade: commanded by General Lawrence “Sul” Ross • Texans fought in the Army of Northern Virginia, the Army of Tennessee, and the Army of the Trans-Mississippi

21. Sending More Troops to Fight • Texas had no more men who volunteered to fight so Texas started a draft: • Draft: the enlisting of persons for required service in the armed forces • The draft made people mad • Didn’t want to fight in war • Exceptions: if owned more than 20 slaves didn’t fight • Draft threatened cotton production • John Bankhead Magruder: commanded Texas troops during Civil War

22. Military Affairs in Texas • During the Civil War, Texans expected Confederate soldiers to guard frontier • But they couldn’t…too busy fighting • Texans had to defend against Native Americans • No major battles were fought in Texas • During Civil War, most fighting in Texas was centered on keeping Gulf Coast ports open • Texas called “Storehouse of the Confederacy”: supplied food, weapons, and supplies for Confederacy

23. Military Affairs, cont • John R. Baylor: led troops into NM to claim as part of Confederacy • General H. H. Sibley: led more Confederate troops into NM. Defeated Union at Valverde but lost at Battle of Glorieta. So, NM became Union again • Battle of Galveston Island: Pres Lincoln ordered a blockade: • Blockade: action to stop transportation of goods or people into or out of an area

24. Civil War Battles In or Near Texas

25. Battle of Galveston Island • Supplies were shipped in and out of Galveston Bay • Because of the blockade, Union troops captured the island…wanted to use it as a base to guard Gulf of Mexico • Texas General John B. Magruder launched attack to retake island on Jan 1, 1863 • One group of Confederate soldiers sailed into Galveston Harbor on Cottonclads: flat bottom boats lined with bales of cotton to protect soldiers from bullets • Another group of Confederate soldiers crossed railroad bridge from mainland • Confederate forces took over Galveston Island and remained in control till end of Civil War

26. Other Military Campaigns • Battle of Sabine Pass: Sept 8, 1863 • Sabine Pass is narrow channel along border of Louisiana • Union General Banks planned to move Union troops by ship up channel and then march north to cut of TX railroad connection to Louisiana • But, Confederate Lieutenant Dick Dowling stationed his soldiers along channel • When Banks’ ships entered channel, Confederate troops fired on them and sank 2 ships. No other Union ships tried to get through • Confederacy won that battle

27. Other Military Campaigns, cont • Union Gen Banks tried to get into Texas again by sending troops up Mississippi River and then up Red River…he wanted to take over North Texas • But, many Confederate soldiers met Union forces in Mansfield, LA (25 miles east of TX border) • Smaller Confederate forces (led by General Richard Taylor) defeated Union forces and forced them to retreat • Texas was safe from invasion

28. Other Military Campaigns, con’t • Battle of Sabine Pass, con’t • Confederate forces under command of John “Rip” Ford and Santos Benavides took over area on July 30, 1864 • On May 13, 1865, Union forces fought Confederate troops in a land battle at Palmito Ranch. Confederates won battle but war was actually already over • General Robert E. Lee had already surrendered by the time the Battle at Palmito Ranch was fought

29. Other Military Campaigns, con’t • Battle of Dove Creek: • Jan 8, 1865 • 600 Kickapoos were migrating from Kansas to Mexico • 160 Confederate soldiers thought they were Comanches and Kiowas • 22 Confederate soldiers killed 14 Indians

30. Other Military Campaigns, cont • Battle at Palmito Ranch: • last land battle of Civil War • fought at Palmito Ranch in South Texas near Brownsville…on May 12, 1865 • Union blockade of southern ports forced Confederate troops to find another way to get cotton out and supplies in • Cotton transported through Brownsville to Mexican port of Matamoros. Then it was loaded on ships for Europe…not affected by blockade • But, in Nov, 1863, Union forces took over Brownsville to try to enforce the blockade

31. Facts • Civil War started: April 12, 1861 • Confederate (South) • President: Jefferson Davis • General in Charge: Robert E. Lee • Union (North/US) • President: Abraham Lincoln • General in Charge: Ulysses S. Grant • Civil War ended: April 9, 1865 • Pres Lincoln Assassinated : April 14, 1865 • 11 Confederate States: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia

32. Terry’s Texas Rangers http://www.terrystexasrangers.org/pictures/portraits/scouts.jpg Benjamin Frank Terry Terry’s Brigade http://www.lsjunction.com/people/ross.htm Sul Ross http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Terry

33. Section 3The Civil War Affects Life at home Like the rest of the nation, people in Texas were deeply affected by the Civil War. A shortage of supplies, a declining economy, and friends and relatives gone to fight in the war created a difficult life for all.

34. The Effects of War • Read: A Real Life Story p. 315 • Read: Women in Combat p. 315 • Because no major battles were fought in Texas, land didn’t suffer as much damage as other southern states • But, many Texans fought in the war…left behind families, homes, job…more work left to do for those left behind

35. The Effects of War, cont • Problems after the war: • Tensions between those who supported Confederacy and those who supported Union • Union blockades reduced sale of farm products (cotton) and the economy suffered • Supplies in Texas were scarce

36. Union Supporters in Texas • Most supported Confederacy but about ¼ were against secession…remained loyal to Union during Civil War • North Texas: in 1862, Texans who opposed Confederate draft formed a secret society called the Peace Party • Confederate supporters thought Peace Party would help Union defeat Confederacy • Some vigilantes took matters into their own hands by hanging 40 members of the Peace Party at Gainesville to stop support of Union • Vigilantes: people who punished criminals or took control without authority to do so

37. Union Supporters, cont • German Texans: some supported Union/opposed slavery and some supported slavery…depended on where they lived…some fought for Confederacy • Opposition to Confederate Draft caused some German Texans to organize a Union Loyal League to serve in Union army • Led by Major Fritz Tegner, left Texas to join Union army • But, some Confederate soldiers led by Lieutenant CD McRae followed them

38. Union Supporters, con’t • McRae’s men caught up with German Texans at Nueces River…they fought in the Battle of the Nueces • Many Union German Texans died or were executed • Some survivors reached Union troops in New Orleans • A monument was built in Comfort, TX to honor the Germans & one Mexican American who died fighting for Union http://www.texasescapes.com/TexasHillCountryTowns/ComfortTexas/ComfortTexas.htm

39. Wartime Economy • During War, Texans still grew cotton and raised cattle but the agriculture was greatly affected • By blockades…ports for shipping closed • Union victories along Mississippi River closed land routes • Texans couldn’t sell cotton • Farmers started growing more wheat and corn instead of cotton

40. Wartime Economy, cont • Women took over men’s jobs • Stores, post offices, farms, plantations, ranches, teachers, doctors, factories • Weapons factory in Austin and Tyler…made 800 weapons/month • Iron furnaces opened in East Texas • Prisoners in Huntsville made clothes • Women made bandages and clothes for soldiers • Sent boxes filled with food and supplies to troops

41. Wartime Economy, cont • Because Union blockades kept goods from entering or leaving Confederate states, people couldn’t sell as much so weren’t making as much money • But, expenses were going up…taxes went up to support war • Confederate money lost value • See Linking History to Economics about prices: p. 318

42. Home Front Hardships • Because of blockades, many items were in short supply • Clothes, shoes • Medicines and hospital supplies…they were sent to battlefield instead of towns • Paper…some newspapers stopped publishing • People got creative: brewed acorns or corn to drink instead of coffee; used honey instead of sugar, herbs instead of medicine

43. Refugees • During war, thousands of slaves were sent to Texas from other states • Slave owners hoped that would prevent them from running away or being taken away • Many slave owners came to Texas with their slaves…not happy to be there • Read Texas voices p. 318 about Kate Stone

44. The War’s End • April 9, 1865: Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia. This ended war the Civil War • Some fighting still continued, though, as it took time for word to spread that war was over • June 2, 1865: Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith signed official surrender of Trans-Mississippi area which included Texas…2 months after Lee surrendered • Soldiers went home to families • Much of the old Southern Way of life had ended • Much uncertainty…nobody knew what to expect next