Vacuole

1. Vacuole • Vacuoles Remove waists, Store Fluids, Store Food, Help Keep the pH Acidic in the cell, and confine harmful entities • Vacuoles are much larger in plant cells than animal cells • A Vacuole is like an attic, because it can be used to store things, which could possibly be dangerous. • Vacuoles are in all plant cells, and most animal cells

2. Peroxisome Carly Villano • Peroxisomes are organelles that resemble Lysosome and are most commonly found in eukaryotic cells • Function: To rid the body of toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide, or other metabolites *Peroxisomes are like exorcisms. They get rid of the unwanted.*

3. Cell membrane All cells have a cell membrane Function Forms a barrier between the inside of the cell and outside, so chemical environment on the two sides can be different Controls what enters and leaves the cell Composition proteins and phospholipids make up most of the cell membrane Analogy Cell membrane is like prison walls http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/bio99/bio99393.htmhttp://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html

4. Lysosomes • FUNCTION: The cell’s digestive and garbage disposal system. • Degrades material from outside the cell as well as parts of the cell that are no longer in use. • Breaks down waste in the cell • Contain 50 different enzymes that break down proteins using hydrolysis. • They are only found in eukaryotic cells. • ANALOGY: A lysosome is like a trash can for a cell. It disposes materials that are useless or dangerous. Austin Ruggiero

5. Ribosomes Function: Ribosomes turn RNA into protein for the cell. They make the protein following instructions that come from the nucleus. Both animal cells and plant cells contain ribosomes. Ribosomes are sometimes found in the cytoplasm but others are connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. Analogy- Ribosomes are like people working in an assembly line because they take the product they get (RNA), turn it into something else (protein), and pass it on. By: Chris Pellegrino http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/animalphysiology/anatomy/animalcellstructure/Ribosomes/Ribosomes.htm

6. Mitochondria • Powerhouse of the cell • Provides the cell with the energy to divide, move, contract, etc. • Site of cellular respiration- generates fuel for the cell • Also involved in cell division, growth, and death • Has two membranes- the inner membrane is folded • Found in eukaryotic cells • Suspected origin: Endosymbiotic Theory • An aerobic bacteria was ingested by an anaerobic bacteria. They had survival advantages if they continued partnership. The aerobic provided energy and the anaerobic provided protection. This developed into an organelle with a double-membrane Analogy The mitochondria is like the gasoline in a car because it powers the cell. http://0.tqn.com/d/biology/1/0/W/X/mitochondrion.png

7. Cilia Cilia is like a person crowd surfing because the peoples’ hands are like the cilia helping to move the cell along. Functions: Small Whip-like structures used for Registering or directing flow in the surrounding liquid – movement of the cell Cells with Cilia: Eukaryotes (essential in single cell organisms) Lines the respiratory tract in humans Animal cells

8. Nuclear Envelope • Double-membrane layer that surrounds and protects the nucleus of a cell • allows materials to move in and out of the nucleus • dotted with thousands of nuclear pores • Located in both animal and plant cells • Only in organisms that are eukaryotic because they have a nucleus • Analogy: A nuclear envelope is like a set of parents (double-membrane) because parents watch over and protect their families, or in this case the nucleus. http://faculty.weber.edu/nokazaki/Human_Physiology/Class%20notes/cell_files/image003.jpg

9. Prokaryotic cell Functions Since prokaryotic cells are contained by all bacteria’s, the function of a prokaryotic cell would be the functions of bacteria. Bacteria perform many important functions on the earth such as being decomposers, agents of fermentation and they play an important part in humans digestive system. In addition bacteria is Involved in many nutrient cycles. What Prokaryotic cells lack and contain Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus, but it has a cell membrane and cytoplasm. Prokaryotic cell are contained by… -all bacteria’s Analogy 1)Prokaryotic cells are like food, they play an important part in humans digestive systems. 2)Prokaryotic cells are like a doe, does don’t contain antlers like bucks, while prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus like Eukaryotic. • Characteristics of Prokaryotes cells • -Prokaryotic cell’s are generally small and simpler than Eukaryotic cells. • -Prokaryotic cells can glide along surfaces and swim through liquids. • Genetic information is in a circular loop called plasmid. • They enjoy a diverse array of metabolic functions for their metabolism. • The cell grows and responds to changes in the environment. Examples of Prokaryotic cells and their functions… 1) Escherichia Choli --live in intestines 2) Staphylococcus Aureus --can cause skin infections Prokaryotic features three major shapes 1) rod shaped 2) spherical 3) spiral

10. function **Found in eukaryotic cells The nucleolus produces subunits which together form the ribosomes, which move out of the nucleus to positions on the rough endoplasmic reticulum where they are critical in protein synthesis. ANALOGY Nucleolus is queen bee and she works to produce a colony (subunits) which work together to make honey(ribosomes) *you can remember honey is ribosomes because you put honey BBQ sauce on ribs.

11. Where is it found? • You find chloroplast in plants. • Cellular Process • PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Where does it come from? • Chloroplast was once a separate micro-organisms • Has then became a part of eukaryotic cells through symbiosis. CHLOROPLAST • How many membranes? • Contains2 main cell membranes of the inner membrane and outer membrane that make up the Chloroplast envelope. Function in a cell Chloroplast plays the role of producing and giving off the chlorophyll needed to give the plant its green color. Also the Chloroplast is where photosynthesis occurs. • ANALOGY • The Chloroplast is like a paint brush it adds and controls the color of a plant. By Tanner Brescancine Mr. Hachtman Bio 3/9/11

12. Chromosomes • A chromosome’s function is to control all the activities in the cell and to hold genes. • Also, they have a big part in cell division. • Chromosomes are found in all cells, both plant and animal. Chromosomes are like the principal of a school because they control the activities in a cell and they hold your records or genes. <http://www.science3point0.com/genegeek/files/2010/11/chromosome.jpg> <http://www.buzzle.com/articles/chromosomes-function.html>

13. Works when its time for the cell to divide Helps with mitosis and meiosis Rests during interphase Located near the nucleus, but invisible during cell division Every animal cell contains two small centrioles Each centriole is made of nine bundles of microtubules in a ring Analogy: A centriole is like a closet organizer. A closet organizer organizes a closet and centrioles organize cell division There is some evidence that centrioles evolved from endosymbiotic organisms that propagate by division This argument was fueled by the erroneous belief that centrioles possessed DNA They do however have RNA which leaves the question still open A counter argument states that they come from blepharoplasts which are identical in structure This is negated by some cells that create sperm Only eukaryotes have centrioles but Oocytes, certain rodents, flies and plants do not have centrioles. Centriole by Corrin Dylnicki • http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_centriole.html

14. Golgi Body Functions: Packages and ships items out of the cell Analogy: Golgi bodies are like shipping companies, they sort packages and add addresses to make sure it goes to the right location in the body. Looks like pancakes stacked on top of each other

15. Chromoplasts • A pigmented plastid found in certain plant cells. • Chromoplasts that contain carotenoid pigments impart the red, orange, or yellow colors to various fruit (e.g., tomato fruits), roots (e.g., carrot roots), and petals. • They, like all other plastids, are organelles found in specific photosynthetic eukaryotic species. • Chromoplasts are like hair dye because they give color to the plants.

16. Nucleusby: Kylie Gruppo • The nucleus controls the present enzymes in order to regulate all the cell’s activity. • Genetic material chemically directs cell activity • Usually in the form of long strands of chromatin made of DNA and affiliated proteins • Found in eukaryotic cells • Analogy: the nucleus is like a brain because it controls everything in the cell just as the brain controls everything in the human body • Surrounded by: nuclear envelope consisting of two bilayer membranes http://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/textbook/chapter3/nucf.htm http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/cells.htm?WhatPart=nucleus http://wikids-life.wikispaces.com/file/view/nucleus.jpg/160451259/nucleus.jpg

17. Flagella • Long thread like appendages • Provide all live single cells with movement • Flagella are like tails, or the wheels on a car. The wheels give the car the ability to move.

18. Transports carbohydrates and lipids to the cell membrane Analogy: like a highway. Cars move from one place to the other Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

19. Transports proteins to the cell membrane Analogy: a water slide cause it gets you from the top to the bottom Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

20. Cell Wall • Definition: A rigid layer of polysaccharides enclosing the membrane. • Found in plant and prokaryotic cells. • Main function is to maintain the shape of the cell. • It provides support and protection for the plant cell • It also prevents the cell membrane from bursting in a hypotonic medium, which means it helps resist water pressure • Analogy: A cell wall is like a skeleton, it keeps the shape of the body. • url: www.google.com/images By:KaylaJo McDanolds

21. Only found in plant cells They lack a pigment and are smaller than chloroplasts. Functions: used for storage of starches, lipids, and protein Helps with biosynthetic functions Contained by eukaryotic cells A leucoplast is like a zip-lock baggie. It has no pigment and is used for storage. Leucoplasts

22. All plants, animals, fungi, and many microorganisms are eukaryotes. Eukaryotes These cells contain a nucleus. In addition, they also contain a cell membrane, a cytoplasm, and organelles. Although some live as single-celled organisms, a majority of them are multicellular organisms. The opposite of this cell is a prokaryote, which does not have a nucleus. Eukaryotic Cell Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells are like a circle and a square. They are both shapes, but only one has edges, the square (Eukaryotic Cell).

23. - This is present in all cells. - Structures such as flagella, cilia and lamellipodia and plays important roles in both intracellular transport and cellular division. - A cytoskeleton is like the parental chaperone at a 1st grade trip because it controls the transport and the separation of cells. Cytoskeleton

24. Devin Mackay Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance that is within the cell membrane but excludes the nucleus Protects the innards of the cell Cytoplasm is found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Analogy: Cytoplasm is like a helmet, it protects the important parts of the cell, just like the helmet protects the important parts of your head