1 / 43

Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease. Chapter 15. Introduction. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the U.S. One American dies from CVD every 33 seconds Nearly half of all Americans will die from CVD

libitha
Download Presentation

Cardiovascular Disease

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Cardiovascular Disease Chapter 15

  2. Introduction • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the U.S. • One American dies from CVD every 33 seconds • Nearly half of all Americans will die from CVD • CVD is the leading cause of death for both men and women (all ages--but less than 85 cancer, 2005)

  3. Introduction • 45% of all heart attacks occur in people under the age of 65 • Most of CVD risk is lifestyle-related • $403 billion annually, estimated 2006

  4. The Cardiovascular System • Pulmonary circulation • Right side of the heart pumps blood to and from the lungs. • Systemic circulation • Left side of the heart pumps blood through the rest of the body.

  5. Cardiovascular System • Heart and blood vessels • Four chambered muscle (size of a fist). • Upper chambers (Atriums). • Lower chambers (Ventricles). • Vena cava (superior/inferior—blood in) • Pulmonary Artery and Vein. • Aorta (blood out to body) • Coronary Arteries.

  6. Cardiovascular System • Systole (contraction) and Diastole (relaxation). • action of the heart is controlled by an electrical signal which originates in the right atrium—SA node. • Veins carry blood back to the heart. • Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

  7. Cardiovascular System • Arteries branch from heart—smaller blood vessels—arterioles—capillaries • Capillaries—thin walls—exchange O2, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste products with body cells • Carbon dioxide and waste products transported to the lung and kidneys trough veins

  8. Types of Cardiovascular Disease • Atherosclerosis (Coronary artery disease): • Condition characterized by deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of an artery.

  9. Types of Cardiovascular Disease • Atherosclerosis causes: • Early theories: • Plaque buildup collects at damage/injury sites in artery • Other—high BP surges, elevated cholesterol and triglycerides, cigarette smoking • Despite massive lifestyle changes—CVD still leading cause of death

  10. Types of Cardiovascular Disease • Atherosclerosis: • Inflammatory risks—new research: • Inflamed vessels more prone to plaque? • Most likely culprits: • Chlamydia pneumoniae (STD) • Helicobacter pylori (stomach ulcers) • Herpes simplex virus (most in U.S. exposed to by age of 5) • Cytomegalovirus (another herpes virus transmitted through body fluids—most in U.S. exposed to the age of 40)

  11. Types of Cardiovascular Disease • Atherosclerosis—Inflammatory risks continued: • During inflammatory reaction— C-reactive protein high levels—test highly sensitive assay (hs-CRP) may become a regular screening test • Other causes of inflammation: >LDL’s, free radicals from cigarette smoking, >BP, diabetes, amino acid homocysteine (page 460) • New research for treatment, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, statins, and “super aspirins”

  12. Types of Cardiovascular Disease • Atherosclerosis: • Metabolic Syndrome: (aka Syndrome X or MetS) • Believe to increase risk three-fold • 26% of adults • Three or more of the following: • Abdominal obesity (waist >40” M & >35” F) • Triglycerides (blood fat) >150 • Low levels of HDL: <40 M & <50 F • Elevated BP >130/85 • Elevated fasting glucose >100

  13. Types of Cardiovascular Disease • Coronary Heart Disease: • Greatest killer • Myocardial infarction (heart attack)--permanent damage from blood supply blockage • Often brought on by coronary thrombosis (clot in coronary artery) or atherosclerotic narrowing • Embolus: When a blood clot becomes dislodged and moves through the circulatory system. • With minor damage can have collateral circulation—enlarge and grow new blood vessels

  14. Types of Cardiovascular Disease • Angina Pectoris: • Chest pain caused by ischemia—due to circulatory impairments in heart’s blood and oxygen supply • Treatment: Rest and drugs (such as nitroglycerin) • Arrhythmia: Irregular heartbeat • Tachycardia: Fast heartbeat • Brachycardia: Slow heartbeat

  15. Types of Cardiovascular Disease • Congestive Heart Failure: If heart tissue damaged or overworked—can lack the strength to keep blood circulating properly--impaired cardiac pumping and blood flow • Enlarges the heart, less efficient, decreases the amount of blood circulated, fluid begins to accumulate in other areas (such as legs, ankles, lungs—difficulty breathing and swelling) • Single most frequent cause of hospitalization in U.S.--Can be fatal if untreated • Treatment: Diuretics--relieves fluid build-up, digitalis—increases pumping action of the heart, vasodilators—expand blood vessels

  16. Types of Cardiovascular Disease • Stroke (CVA): Brain is damaged by disrupted blood supply • Can be caused by: • Thrombus (clot in blood vessel) • Embolus (clot dislodged from blood vessel wall—floating in blood stream) • Aneurysm (weakening in blood vessel causing bulging and sometimes rupture)

  17. Types of Cardiovascular Disease • Stroke: • Transient ischemic attacks: Brief, temporary interruption of blood supply to brain—often precursor to stroke • Seek treatment IMMEDIATELY—decline in fatality of stroke in recent years—15-30% permanently disabled • Warning signs of stroke: • Sudden weakness/numbness face, arm or leg one side of the body • Sudden dimness of vision, especially one eye • Sudden severe headaches—no known cause • Dizziness, unsteadiness, sudden falls

  18. Six Major Risk Factors that can be changed • Tobacco use • Physical inactivity • Obesity • High blood pressure • Diabetes • High levels of cholesterol • LDL’s (high) and HDL’s (low)

  19. Tobacco Use • Smokers have 2-3 times higher risk of heart attack • Damages lining of arteries and reduces HDL’s • Carbon monoxide displaces O2 (blood) • Nicotine (stimulant)—increased BP & HR • Causes platelets to become sticky and increases blood thickness • Risk of death from CHD up 30% in those exposed to environmental tobacco smoke

  20. High Blood Pressure • Too much pressure against arterial walls • Heart has to work harder, weakens, enlarges, arteries scar and harden

  21. High Blood Pressure • Tachycardias. • 100 or more beats per minute. • Compromises the ability of the heart to pump effectively. • Ventricles can not completely fill.

  22. Low Blood Pressure • Bradycardia • 60 or less beats per minute • Poor circulation of the blood • Lack of 02 throughout to body and brain

  23. Cholesterol • Clogs the arteries-- > risk of CVD • LDL’s - less than 120 dl/mg • LDL = Tl Chol – HDL – triglycerides/5 • HDL’s - greater than 60 dl/mg • Tl cholesterol below 200 dl/mg • Levels > 240 indicate high risk of CVD • Ratio of HDL to total cholesterol—just looking at LDL ignores + benefits of HDL

  24. Physical Inactivity • Exercise reduces risk by: • Lowering LDL’s • Controlling Blood pressure • Increasing HDL’s • Maintaining weight • Helps prevent or controls Diabetes

  25. Other Contributing Factors • Obesity • More than 30% above recommended weight. • Increase strain on the heart. • Diabetes • Having doubles the risk of CVD.

  26. Body Weight • More than 30% • High cholesterol levels • High blood pressure • Excessive strain on the heart • Fat collected in the torso more dangerous • Assess Yourself—page 456

  27. Contributing Risk Factors That Can Be Changed • Psychological factors • Chronic hostility and anger • Suppressing psychological disorders • Depression and anxiety • Social factors • Social isolation • Low socioeconomic status • Low education level

  28. Factors You Cannot Control • Heredity - CVD has genetic component; high cholesterol levels, blood clotting and obesity • Age - Over the age of 65 • Sex - Men have higher risk earlier in life • Ethnicity –See Figure 15.7

  29. Detecting Heart Disease • Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)—Record of electrical activity of heart • Angiography (cardiac cath)– catheter threaded through heart arteries, dye is injected, X-ray to check for blockage • Positron emission tomography (PET) scan– patient injected IV with a radioactive tracer & scanned electronically, produces 3-dimensional image of heart and arteries

  30. Treating Heart Disease • Coronary bypass surgery– Blood vessel from another site used to bypass blocked artery • Balloon Angioplasty– Catheter with a balloon at the tip inserted—balloon is inflated to flatten fatty deposits to arterial wall

  31. Heart Disease in ChildrenCongenital Heart Disease • Most common are holes between the ventricles. • Congenital narrowing of the aorta. • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy • Rheumatic Heart Disease - Streptococcal infections causes damage to the heart muscle and valves. • Strep throat needs to be treated, primary cause if not treated. • Heart Valve Disorders • Mitral valve prolapse

  32. The End of Chapter 15

More Related