The Industrial Revolution

1. Chapters 10 and 14 The Industrial Revolution

2. Basic Information • Began in England in mid-1700’s • Spreads to other parts of Europe and eventually to the United States by the end of the 1800’s. • Occurs in two major phases • First Industrial Revolution: advances in agriculture, mechanization of textile industry, steam power, etc. • Second Industrial Revolution: advances in steel, chemicals, electricity, etc.

3. Why England??? • Political stability following Glorious Revolution • A tolerant society that allowed all groups to participate in the economy • Population Growth =labor force and consumers • Agricultural Revolution (cont. on next slide) • Thriving cottage industry (domestic system) • Enclosure Movement= individual initiative and increased productivity • Strong economy due to banking and credit institutions • A growing middle class that could invest in industry • Thriving overseas trade • Expertise with shipping and merchant activity • Availability of natural resources (coal and iron)

4. Agricultural Revolution • Advances in agricultural technology helped to provide a growing population as well as new technologies that would increase productivity • Crop Rotation increased yields • Growth of different food crops • New machines to improve efficiency • Higher population= larger work force • Mechanization of farm equipment cut back on the need for labor, which forced people to move to the cities in search of work

5. Textiles: the first major industry • Cottage Industries (domestic system) used for centuries • 1700’s: new inventions to increase productivity of textile industry • John Kay- flying shuttle • James Hargreaves- spinning jenny • Richard Arkwright- water frame • Textile manufacturing began to move out of the homes and into factories

6. Textiles: the first major industry • Increased demand for cotton • British interest in India grew • India was the world’s leading producer of cotton in the early 1700’s • “King Cotton” in the American South • Slavery expanded rapidly as southern states attempted to meet the growing demand for cotton

7. Steam: a new source of power • Originally, factories had to be located near a river for power • James Watt invented a steam engine

8. Iron Production • Originally, the process of smelting iron required hot ovens fueled by charcoal, but deforestation in England led to a shortage of charcoal • Abraham Darby discovered a process for using coal to smelt iron, which led to increased iron production

9. RailRoads • Increased iron production combined with the steam engine led to a boom in the railroad industry • 1830, the first passenger railroad was opened in England • Railroads helped to create a boom in the economy • Created jobs, sped up transportation

10. A Second Industrial Revolution • The late-1800’s ushered in advances in steel, electricity, transportation and communication • Often known as the Second Industrial Revolution

11. Steel • In the late-1800’s, steel became the metal of choice for construction of buildings and ships • Stronger and more durable than iron • 1856: Henry Bessemer developed the Bessemer Process for the manufacture of steel • William Siemens further improved the process for manufacturing high-quality steel

12. Electricity • 1879: Thomas Edison invented the incandescent lamp (light bulb) • 1881: the first electric power station was built in Great Britain • Electricity transformed the lives of people • Factories had more power and could run after dark • Nighttime activities became increasingly available

13. Communication • 1830: Telegraph invented by Samuel Morse • 1876: Telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell • Motion pictures began to be created in the 1890’s

14. Transportation • By the end of the 1800’s, Europe had laid over 100,000 miles of RR track • Steamships and steam locomotives • Refrigerated cars aid in shipping of perishable goods • 1885: internal combustion engine • 1903: Orville and Wilbur Wright launched a successful flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

15. Spread of Industrialization • Belgium began to industrialize • It too had plentiful coal and iron deposits • German states quickly industrialized • France lagged behind due to political instability leading up to and during the French Revolution • Spain was slower to industrialize due to less advanced transportation systems • Russia also slow to industrialize due to lack of a significant middle class and underdeveloped transportation systems

16. Impact of Industrialization • Western Europe became extremely powerful in the world, began to dominate for the first time in world history • Urbanization • Poor conditions in cities • Family life changed as most members of the family went outside of the home to work (including women and children) • Child labor • Demand for government reform to aid workers and improve conditions • Harm to the environment • Deforestation, pollution, depletion of natural resources (coal and iron deposits)