The Industrial Revolution

2. TheIndustrial Revolution

3. Changes in Manufacturing & Labor

4. Village Farming • Prior to the IR most people lived in small country villages • Land wasUNFENCED • Wealthy controlled land; peasant families rented land

5. Village Farming • Small families because of high infant death rate • Harsh working conditions • LOW life expectancy (40 years)

6. Domestic System • Early industries in Europe: coal, glass, iron, clothing (textiles) • Mid 1700s; wool became extremely popular in Europe • Increase in DEMAND

7. Domestic System • Merchants hired farming families to produce woolens in their homes

8. Domestic System • Depended on a network of workers • Each did a segment of the work • Provided income during hard times

9. Why Great Britain?

10. Why Great Britain? • In Britain, wealthy landowners started the Enclosure Movement

11. Why Great Britain? • The Enclosure Movement: • Landowners fenced off lands • Led to greater efficiency & more successful farming practices • Forces small farmers to move into the cities

12. Why Great Britain? • The Industrial Revolution begins in Great Britain because it hadthe Factors of Production

13. Why Great Britain? • Capital$$$/wealth to invest in labor, machines & raw materials • Natural Resources harbors, rivers, iron and coal

14. Why Great Britain? • Large Labor Supply better farming techniques led to more food which led to population growth • Entrepreneurs risk takers who started new businesses • Also, Britain’s gov’t was supportive

15. Why Great Britain? • The textileindustry was one of the first to become mechanized(powered by machines) in Britain • This created a huge demand for cotton imports from Britain

16. Why Great Britain? Inventions like flying shuttle, the spinning jenny, and Eli Whitney’s cotton gin helped to meet this demand

17. Factory System • Machines were too LARGE & too COSTLY for the domestic system • Required more space & more workers

18. Factory System • Production needed to be centralized • Thus, the Factory System (brings workers and machines together under the control of managers) was introduced

19. The Spread of the Industrial Revolution

20. Industrialization Spreads • Industrialization spread out of England to the United States in the early to mid 1800s • Spread to continental Europe; Belgium and Germanyindustrialize first

21. Industrialization Changes Life

22. Transportation • Technology in textile industry spurred progress in other industries • Improvements in transportation like the steam engine and the railroad system allowed for more efficient transportationof people and materials

23. Living Conditions • Growth of factory system caused urbanization– city building and the movement of people to cities • Most urban areas doubled in size, some even more!

24. Living Conditions • Because cities grew rapidly, they were not well planned and living conditions were poor • Not sanitaryor safe • Sickness was widespread

25. Working Conditions • To increase production, factory owners tried to keep their machines running as many hoursas possible • The average worker spent at least 14 hours a day at their job, 6days a week

26. Working Conditions • Women and childrenwere employed because they were the cheapest source of labor • Factories and coal mines were very dangerous

27. Social Class • Social mobility caused the emergence of the middle class (factory owners, merchants, bankers) • Middle class lifestyle: domestic servants, men work, women stay at home

28. Social Class • The laborers made up the working class • Saw little improvement in living and working conditions between 1800-1850