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1. The Industrial Revolution

   Unit 14 1700 A.D.- 1900 A.D.
2. Understanding Economics Economics describes how people meet their needs. In free enterprise system, people are free to choose what to produce and what to consume. Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations explained how this system works.
3. Three economic questions People have unlimited wants – things that they would have or to do. We can never be wholly satisfied because we have limited resources to meet these unlimited wants. We have only so much time, energy, and resources to satisfy our needs and desires. Every society must answer three basic questions: What should be produced? How should it be produced? Who should get it?
4. World Societies: different approaches to economics. Societies answer these three basic questions in different ways. In some societies, people follow tradition to answer these questions. They produce what ever their ancestors produced, using the same time-honored traditional methods. In other societies, a ruler or the government tells everyone what to do and decides who gets what is produced. A third way to answer these questions is based on economic freedom -the Free-Enterprise system. What is Economics?
5. Free Enterprise In these societies, people are free to do whatever they want. People enjoy economic freedom- the freedom to make their choices in deciding what to buy, where to work, and what to make. This is known as Free Enterprise system. Please read page 198 and page 241 in Mastering the TEKS before viewing video Adam Smith and the Birth of Economics | Lawrence Reedfirst 15 minutes introduction to economics and Adam Smith, next 10 minutes over mercantilism, next minutes is Adam Smith’s argument for free enterprise.
6. Free -Enterprise In a free enterprise system, government interference is limited. The government supplies some services, set rules, and acts as a referee to settle disputes and make sure the economy is functioning smoothly. Otherwise, the three basic economic questions are answered by the free inter play between producers(those who make and sell goods and services) and consumers(those who buy and use goods and services)
7. Law of Supply and Demand The Law of Supply and Demand. Supply refers to how much of a good producers make available. Demand refers to how much of a product consumers are willing to buy. In a free enterprise system the interaction of supply and demand determines prices and what goods are produced. For example, if demand for a product or service is high, prices go up. If demand is low, prices will go down. Adam Smith: The Invisible Hand And a simpler video watch: The Invisible Hand - 60 Second Adventures in Economics Explain how Adam Smith’s theory of the “Invisible Hand” works in our economy.
8. Free enterprise system The free enterprise system, which flourished in Britain, played an important role in the Industrial Revolution. It allowed investors and business owners to put their resources where they had the greatest benefit for the Economy.
9. Day two
10. Industrial Revolution(click for video)
11. Causes of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution first began in Great Britain in the 1700s. There were several important factors that made Great Britain ready for the Industrial Revolution: Geographical Advantages Transportation and Communications Large Colonial Empire Powerful Middle Class Agricultural Improvements Why The Industrial Revolution Happened Here HD
12. Why Did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain? Geographical- Great Britain had many harbors and rivers and lots of coal. Protected from invasion do to Great Britain is an island. It was close to European markets, and well located for trade with other areas Transportation-Great Britain had a well-developed coastal trade, canals, port towns, an excellent postal service, daily newspapers, and most powerful navy in the world. Large Colonial Empire- Britain’s colonial empire brought raw material to her ports. Running a colonial empire contributed to the development of sophisticated financial and commercial skill Powerful middle class- middle class participated in government and promoted free-enterprise and economic improvement. They brought together capital, labor, and new industrial inventions. Agricultural improvements- British farmers used scientific methods to boos productivity, such as enclosing common lands, rotating crops, and careful animal breeding. Fewer people were needed to work on farms.
13. Innovations in textile manufacturing
14. Inventions improved inventions Other similar inventions improved both spinning and weaving. James Watt improved (1764) the steam engine. He created separate chambers for the steam to get hot and to cool down. His improvement made steam power available for mechanical purposes. This improvement allowed a factory to be constructed anywhere, since factories were no longer dependent on water to power their machines.
15. The Shift from Home to Factory Before the Industrial Revolution, craftsmen worked at home, spinning wool, cotton, and linen by hand, and then weaving the thread or yarn into finished cloth. Merchants often dropped off raw materials and collected the cloth. This was known as the domestic system.
16. Working from Home
17. Agriculture revolution The Agriculture Revolution that began in the mid-18th century saw a massive increase in food production. The dramatic increase in efficiency fed a rising population, allowing it to expand further. Workers moved away from the fields and into the factories, providing labor to help drive the Industrial Revolution. In 1701, JethroTullhad developed the horse drawn seed drill, a machine for efficiently planting seeds, while crop rotation dispensed with the need to replenish fields by leaving them unfarmed for a season.
18. JethroTull and his seed drill
19. Factories of the Industrial Revolution
20. Working conditions(video link) While factory owners grew richer and more powerful, the conditions of the new “working class” worsened. Early factories were often appalling places to work, with unsafe and unpleasant conditions. Work hours were long, and workers received barely enough pay to live on. Women and children also worked. Children were used to crawl in and clear the machines, a dangerous task. In hard times, factory workers lost their jobs and were left to beg, steal, get local poor relief, or die of starvation
21. Urbanization Fewer workers were needed on farms because of improvements in agriculture. With the shift of work to factories, large numbers of workers moved from their farms and homes in the countryside to cities. The migration from rural communities to cities marked one of the largest population shifts in history. Cities became crowded and highly unsanitary. Factory smoke greatly polluted the air. Local governments were often unable to cope with the needs of large numbers of workers.
22. Day 3
23. Changes in transportation technology Improvements in transportation accelerated advances in industrialization. Steam engines were applied to steam boats in the early 1800s. They were also used to power locomotives, creating the first railroads in the 1820s. Railroads unified the economy of a region by linking cities, factories, towns, and the countryside together. At the same time, railroad construction required vast amounts of coal, iron, and steel, greatly stimulating the growth of heavy industry.
24. Changes in European Society The Industrial Revolution led to important changes in society. A new middle class of capitalists, composed of merchants, landowners, and bankers, emerged. These people helped the free enterprise system (also known as capitalism)
25. Characteristics of 19th-century capitalism.
26. Family Life in the Industrial Revolution Venn Diagram page 246 of The Mastering the TEKScompare the two and create similarities vs. differences
27. What do you see?
28. Health discoveries Scientists like Lois Pasteur also played an important role in improving living conditions for people of all social classes. Pasteur believed most diseases were caused by germs – tiny creatures that could only be seen under a microscope. Many doctors at first resisted Pasteur’s “germ theory” of science. However Pasteur was able to show how better sanitary practices, like washing hands and boiling instruments before operations or delivering babies, could reduce infections and death.
29. Reform movements (page 247 in mastering the TEKS) What are social reforms? What was the main reason for the creation of social form? What are Municipal Reforms What was the main reason for the creation of municipal reforms? What were worker’s Unions? Why were unions created? What are Political Reforms? What was the main reason for the creation of political reforms? What was Reform Bill of 1832?
30. Communism and Socialism Communism- Karl Marx’s ideas became the basis of Communism Marx believed that workers created value through their labor Everything is owned in common No private property, no social classes Cooperation would replace competition, allowing everyone’s needs to be met. Marx predicts that the capitalist system, workers will violently revolt against the capitalist rulers due to the rich gets richer and the poor gets poorer Socialism- a political response to the injustices of industry and the exploitation of workers. More state influence, equal rights, and an end to the inhumane treatment of workers. Pass laws to protect workers Allowed some Government owned businesses for worker’s benefit Workers could improve their own conditions by political action and not by a violent revolution Government should own basic industries and also provide essential services, like free schooling, inexpensive public transportation, low-cost housing, and a national health program. A video on all Political systems explained A video Capitalism vs. Socialism
31. Day 4 The Second Industrial Revolution
32. The Second Industrial Revolution The constant stream of innovation triggered by the Industrial Revolution led to a “Second Industrial Revolution” in the late 19th century. This was based on improvements in the chemical, steel, and petroleum industries, and by the introduction of electricity. Thomas Edison (1847-1931) developed the phonograph, motion pictures, and the electriclight bulb in the 1870’s- inventions based on electricity. Alexander Graham Bell in vented the telephone in 1876. Other inventors developed the internal combustion engine- an engine running on petroleum-based on gasoline. Scientists like polish-born Marie Curie (1867-1934) also started studying radioactivity. She became the first woman to win a Noble Prize for her discovery of radium.
33. Review Review the Chapter cards in Mastering the TEKS p. 252. Please take the chapter test and turn in for a grade. History Channel Mankind The Story of All of Us Episode 11