Kingdoms and Classification

1. Kingdoms and Classification

2. If you had 10 minutes to buy milk and chips in a new grocery store, would you know where to look? • If the store has things classified, it makes it easier and faster to locate items

3. *Classification is Everywhere Grocery stores classify items by type baking items, dairy items, frozen food, Post offices classify mail by destination zip code, then street, then house number Schools classify students by traits grade number, gender, academic ability *items in green should be written down

4. *Classification gives clues • Scientists have identified more than 2 million species of organisms here on Earth • Scientists group organisms based on similarities • When organisms are arranged in groups, they are easier to study • Classifying organisms into groups is called Taxonomy

5. What is a cassowary? What does a cassowary look like? What does a cassowary eat? How big is a cassowary?

6. If you know that a cassowary is classified as a bird, you also know that… • It has wings • It has feathers • It has hollow bones • It has a beak • It is probably an omnivore • It can be seen using only the eyes • Classification clues us in

7. *Scientists classify based on STRUCTURE • The basic structure of an organisms doesn’t change. • What would happen if we classified organisms based on color? • A zebra and a zebra fish would be cousins!

8. Make a Chart

9. Aristotle had 2 kingdoms Plants • Don’t Move • Green Animals • Move around

10. After Careful observation… Fungi didn’t fit… • Can grow in the dark • Spring up overnight • Need dead things to grow on So we created a 3rd kingdom for Fungi

11. Mold yeast A sampling of fungi

12. truffles mushrooms More examples of fungi

13. This 3-kingdom system lasted for several hundred years • Until microscope technology allowed us to see smaller organisms

14. Most of what they saw in the microscope wouldn't fit into these three kingdoms • They could move like animals, but had only one cell • They didn’t have to “mate” to reproduce • Paramecium

15. So scientists created a fourth kingdom called Protista • Single celled • Live in water or very moist environments • Most can move • Some are photosynthetic • Many are parasites

16. Euglena giardia A sampling of protists

17. algae amoeba More protists

18. These 4 kingdoms were the only ones for a few years until microscopes improved, and we could see inside single cells • We noticed differences in nuclei • Some organisms didn’t have a nucleus at all – only a single chromosome floating in the cytoplasm

19. Strep bacteria Staph bacteria A sampling of Monerans

20. e. Coli bacteria Meningiococcal bacteria More Monerans

21. Sleeping sickness pneumonia Even more Monerans

22. Currently we have 5 kingdoms • Animalia • Plantae • Fungi • Protista • Monera Many scientists want to divide the moneran kingdom and make a 6th kingdom because bacteria can be very different. Archaebacteria – weird Eubacteria – normal

23. Some scientists even want to create a 7th kingdom for viruses • Viruses aren’t technically alive because they can’t live without a host

24. ebola influenza A sampling of viruses

25. cold h.i.v More Viruses

26. The better our technology becomes, the more we know about organisms

27. We have a system for describing exactly where things fit…..TAXONOMY Just like when you send a letter to Portugal, first you specify the country, then the city, then the street, then the building, then the floor number, then left or right, then the room number. Otherwise it would be impossible to find people.

28. To locate a living thing… • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

29. Let's make this easy to remember. Once upon a time, in a kingdom far, far away, there lived a prince named Phillip… Carollus Linneaus

30. The moral of the story is… Linneaus wrote in the margin of his notebook… • King • Phil • Came • Over • For • Gun • Shot

31. And you will forever remember • King Kingdom • Phil Phylum • Came Class • Over Order • For Family • Gun Genus • Shot Species

32. So how do we know where to put things in the classification scheme? • Remember, living things are classified on similarities in structure.

33. First, start with the kingdom • A Snowy Owl belongs to the animal kingdom because • it can move • it is made of more than one cell • it has to eat

34. Then, decide on the Phylum • A Snowy Owl belongs to the Chordata Phylum because • It has a spinal cord • It has bones

35. Then decide on the Order • A Snowy Owl belongs to the Order Strigiformes because • It is a carnivore • It has large, sharp talons

36. Then decide on the Family • A snowy owl belongs to the family Stringidae because • It has a hooked beak • It has a round face • It hunts at night

37. Then decide on the genus, A Snowy Owl belongs to the genus Bubo because It lives in the Northern Hemisphere It has a fourth talon

38. Then decide on the species • A Snowy Owl belongs to the scandiacus species because • It is white • It weighs about 40 grams • It has dense downy feathers

39. The more classification levels that are shared by two organisms, the more alike they are. A snowy owl is more like a barn owl than an earthworm.

40. If they are in the same species, they can breed and produce offspring that can also reproduce.

41. Scientific name = Genus species Example: Homo sapiens = humans

42. Which of these are most closely related? A Felis familiaris B Canis familiaris C Canis lupus