The Portuguese

1. The Portuguese Section 2: China and Europeans • Trade ties with China • Trade ties with China • Jesuit missionaries helped emperors revise calendar, gained great power with imperial court • Qing rulers became suspicious, fearful of Jesuits’ intentions

2. The British Section 2: China and Europeans • Free trade ideas • Great Britain abolished British East India Company’s monopoly on trade with China • The opium trade • Chinese demand for cotton didn’t match British demand for tea • British India exported opium to China, which caused trade imbalance

3. The British Section 2: China and Europeans • The Opium War • Chinese tried to forcibly stop opium trade • Hong Kong went to British rule • More concessions • unequal treaties with France and United States • foreign embassies in Beijing

4. First Opium War(1839-1842) • British brought opium from India to Canton • Many Chinese became addicts • Chinese emperor forbade opium imports • War between British and Chinese • Treaty of Nanking (1842) • Four additional British ports in China • Amoy, Ningpo, Foochow, Shanghai • British control over Hong Kong • China had to pay an indemnity • China limited to 5% tariff

5. Other Westerners in China • Belgium, France, Holland (Netherlands), Portugal, Prussia (Germany), United States • Spheres of influence • Exclusive trading areas • Extraterritoriality • Tried in their own courts and under their own laws

6. Second Opium War(1856-1860) • Also known as the Arrow War • Results • More Chinese ports opened up to European trade • Opium traffic legalized • Protection of Christian missionaries • All foreign vessels could navigate the Yangtze River • U.S. and Russia also participated in peace process • Russia’s border extended to Amur River • Maritime Provinces – Pacific area without permafrost • Founded Vladivostok in 1860

7. More Foreign Control of China • Annam, etc. • Merged into French Indo-China (1883) • Burma (Myanmar) • Annexed by British (1886) • Formosa • Attacked and taken by Japanese (1895) • Korea • Annexed by Japanese (1910) • Liaotung Peninsula (Manchuria) • Concessions to Japanese (1910)

8. New Scramble for China • France • Kwangchow – 99-year lease • Germany • Shantung Peninsula – sphere of influence • Great Britain • Wei-hai-wei – naval base • Yangtze valley – sphere of influence • Russia • Liaotung Peninsula – lease • Manchuria – economic concessions

9. Open Door Policy • Proposed by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay (1899) • Fear that China would be carved up between imperialist powers • Left China’s independence and territory intact • All nations could trade equally in China • Endorsed internationally • But not always strictly followed

10. Rebellions Section 2: China and Europeans • Taiping Rebellion • caused terrible destruction • Christian and Muslim teachings motivated more revolts

11. Boxer Rebellion (1900) • Chinese people resented foreign influence and power • Order of the Patriotic Harmonious Fists • Called “Boxers” by Westerners • Demanded that foreigners leave China • Killed circa 300 and vandalized foreign property • European imperialists, Americans, and Japanese put down the rebellion • China paid $333,000,000 in damages and had to permit military forces in Peking (Beijing) and Tientsin

12. Fall of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty • Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) • De facto Chinese monarch (1861-1908) • “Make me unhappy for a day and I will make you unhappy for a lifetime.” • Conservative and anti-foreign • Blamed by many Chinese for foreign imperialist power in China

13. Fall of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty • Emperor Puyi – the “Last Emperor” • Lived 1906-1967 • Ruled China 1908-1912, and as a puppet for 12 days in 1917 • Puppet emperor of Manchukuo (Japanese-ruled Manchuria), 1932-1945 • Spent ten years in a Soviet prison after WWII • Lived a quiet life as a regular citizen in communist China • Died of disease during the Cultural Revolution (1967)

14. Republican Revolution • Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian) • Founded Kuomintang (Nationalist party) • Overthrew Manchu (Qing) dynasty • Established a republic • President of Chinese Republic who succeeded him – Yuan Shih-k’ai Kuomintang symbol

15. Republic of China: Weaknesses • Disunity • Local warlords fought Kuomintang for control • Wars raged between 1912 and 1928 • Foreign imperialists • Americans, Europeans, and Japanese • Poor transportation • 1914 – only 6,000 miles of railroad track • 225,000 miles in the smaller United States • Few decent roads

16. Foreign Imperialists • Twenty-One Demands (1915) • Japan attempted to make China a Japanese protectorate • Action condemned and stopped by other leading world powers • World War I and the Treaty of Versailles • China attempted to abolish concessions and extraterritoriality • Attempt failed • China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles • Japan gained mandate over most of Germany’s Asian possessions and rights

17. Three Principles of the People • Book published by Sun Yat-sen before his death in 1925 • Principle of Mínquán • Democracy – the people are sovereign • Principle of Mínzú • Nationalism – an end to foreign imperialism • Principle of Mínshēng • Livelihood – economic development, industrialization, land reform, and social welfare – elements of progressivism and socialism

18. Imperialism in China • Because of repeated attempts at invasion, China distrusted foreigners and tried to remain isolationist. • They were unsuccessful. • Britain gained spheres of influence in China through smuggling opium. Resulted in Opium War and Boxer Uprising.

19. OBJECTIVE I: Causes of the Opium Wars • Copy the following graphic organizer. Indicate above the arrows products traded between the countries. 1. What were some of the causes & effects of the Opium Wars? 2. Who benefited from these wars? In what way? Explain.

20. CHINA & IMPERIALISMDirections: As you read Chapter 9 Section 5, take notes on the following events 1) Trade Between Britain & China Balance of Trade – difference Between how much a country imports and exports Trade surplus = export > import Trade deficit = import > export China = Decline West = IR, More markets, military might 6) Boxer Rebellion a) Anger over Christian missionaries who threatened traditional Confucianism b) Chinese did NOT like foreign soldiers c) Being protected by extraterritoriality, foreigners ignored Chinese laws d) Righteous Harmonious Fists – secret society to rid China of Westerners e) Westerners called Martial arts = Boxers attack foreigners f) Japanese & West organize alliance to stop Boxers • 7) Sun Yixian (Sun yatSen & 3 Principles • a) Not born to power, poor farmer family • b) Travels, education & ambition • c) Attended US university (Hao Li) • d) Took power after Qing Dynasty • Nationalism – Chinese home-rule • Democracy • Economic Security 5) Qing Dynasty Falls a) Empress Ci Xi +Confucius Rule b) Sino-Japanese War = Taiwan to Japan c) Foreigners carving Spheres of Influence d) GuangXu Reformers try to modernize but conservatives stop them e) Empress Ci Xi dies in 1908 f) 1911, Qing Dynasty falls to uprisings 2) Opium War 1) Brits trade Opium from India 2) Opium to China for tea 3) Chinese Addicted to Opium 4) Chinese Economy in ruins 5) Chinese outlaw opium 6) Brits refuse to stop opium trade 7) Chinese warships beat by Brits 8) Treaty of Nanjing 9) Chinese forced into bad treaty • 4) Taiping Rebellion • 1800s lots of natural disasters like floods, corruption, overpopulation, • tax evasion by the rich (US Today) • b) Hong Xuiquan, Peasant turned Christian leads rebellion in South China • c) Called for end of QIng Dynasty • d) 1850 – 1864 Civil War • e) Deadliest Rebellion in History = 20-30 million killed • f) Qing wins back power with help of foreign powers and elite Chinese 3) Indemnity & Extraterritoriality a) Indemnity = payment for losses in a war b) China had to give indemnity ($$) to the Brits c) Brits also got island of Hong Kong d) Extraterritoriality = foreign people live under their own laws & courts e) China pressured to accept stipulation to open more ports to US, Russia and France And their Christian missionaries

21. Create a Protest Poster • Create a protest poster either For or Against British Rule/Western European rule in Chinabased on what we learned today in class. • Your poster should include: 1. Title 2. Slogan 3. Must show evidence of Imperialism 4. Image or illustration

22. Student Pair-Work • In pairs, please read the Causes of Imperialism Handout 1. Answer Questions 1-5 2. Then, with your partner, RANK the 5 reasons for Imperialism in descending order 1=Most Important 5=Least Important

23. Review Questions • What Chinese goods were sought by European traders? • What were the consequences of the First and Second Opium Wars? • Describe the Open Door Policy. • What was the Boxer Rebellion? • What were Japan’s Twenty-One Demands? • Describe Sun Yat-sen’s three principles. • What area of China remained under British control until 1997?

24. The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914 Causes Nationalism To gain power, European nations compete for colonies and trade. Imperialism Economic Competition Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political, and social lives of people they colonized. Demand for raw materials and new markets spurs a search for colonies. Missionary Spirit Europeans believe they must spread their Christian teachings to the world.

25. The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914 Effects Colonization Europeans control land and people in areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Imperialism Colonial Economics Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political, and social lives of people they colonized. Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies. Christianization Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia.