The Portuguese Take the Lead

1. The Portuguese Take the Lead

2. Vasco da Gama • Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama was the first navigator to sail directly from Europe to India. • He left Lisbon on July 8, 1497. • Da Gama led an expedition of four ships: • The São Gabriel, the flagship, was a carrack. • The São Rafael was also a carrack. • The Berrio was a caravel. • Another ship, type unknown, was used for storage.

3. The expedition stopped at the Cape Verde Islands. • On November 22, 1497, the ships rounded the Cape of Good Hope.

4. Malindi Mombasa Mozambique (Mossuril Bay) Natal • Vasco da Gama stopped at Natal, where the crew broke up the cargo ship for parts and supplies. • On March 2, 1498, da Gama reached Mozambique. • He and his crew tried to pass as Muslims, but soon met with hostility from the local population. • They sailed on to Mombasa and Malindi, attacking Arab trading ships for supplies. • The sultan of Malindi supplied them with a navigator to guide them on their journey to India.

5. On May 20, 1498, Vasco da Gama’s expedition reached Kappad, 15 kilometers from Calicut. • The voyage, aided by a Muslim navigator named Ibn Majid, took only 23 days. • Da Gama was welcomed by the local ruler, known as the Zamorin. • He began trade relations between Portugal and India. Calicut, on the coast of Malabar, 1813 Vasco da Gama delivers a letter from King Manuel I of Portugal to the Zamorin of Calicut

6. Calicut, 1572 • Kozhikode, also known as Calicut, is a city in the southern Indian state of Kerala. • During the Age of Exploration, Calicut was known as the "City of Spices."

7. Vasco da Gama took three months to cross the Indian Ocean back to Africa. • Without proper provisions, many of his men died of scurvy. • He lost so many men that he was forced to scuttle the SãoRafael. • On March 20, 1499, the expedition made it to the Cape of Good Hope. • On September 9 of that year, da Gama reached Portugal with a shipment of spices from India. • He was given the title "Admiral of the Indian Seas."

8. Vasco da Gama’s Second Voyage Goa Calicut Cochin • On February 12, 1502, da Gama left Portugal with a fleet of twenty warships. His mission was to punish Muslims for killing Portuguese citizens in India. • His warships bombarded Calicut. • He sailed south to the kingdom of Cochin and established trade relations. • He continued to attack Muslim merchants until he concluded a new treaty with the Zamorin of Calicut on October 30, 1502. Sea port at Cochin

9. Vasco da Gama’s Final Voyage • In 1524 da Gama was sent to India to replace Eduardo de Menezes as viceroy. • He contracted malaria in Goa and died December 24, 1524. • His tomb is in the Jerónimos Monastery in Lisbon, Portugal. • Construction of the monastery had begun in 1502 under King Manuel I to commemorate da Gama’s return from India. The tomb of Vasco da Gama Jerónimos Monastery Manuel I

10. Compare and Contrast Early Explorers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjEGncridoQ&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9

11. Portuguese Expansion in the Indian Ocean India Mauritius Sea Battles of Diu Socotra 1505: Settlement in Ceylon. 1506: Portugal occupies Socotra in the Arabian Sea. 1509: Discovery of Mauritius. 1509: The Portuguese win the Battle of Diu against a joint fleet of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, the Zamorin of Calicut and the Sultan of Gujarat, supported by the republics of Venice and Ragusa. Socotra

12. Area of Portuguese control in blue Ceylon (Sri Lanka) • The Portuguese explorer Lourenço de Almeida established a settlement in Ceylon in 1505, naming the island Ceilão. • At that time, Ceylon was known for producing cinnamon. • By 1517 the Portuguese had established a fort in Colombo. • Due to the occupation of Ceylon, Portuguese traders held a monopoly on cinnamon for over one hundred years. Pre-colonial Ceylon British Ceylon 1914

13. Yemen Timeline of Portugal in the Indian Ocean 1516: Conquest of Aden, a port city in Yemen. 1521: Antonio Correia conquers Bahrain. 1538: Second Battle of Diu gives Portugal control over the Indian Ocean. Portugal establishes trading posts in Goa, Ormuz, Malacca, Kochi, the Maluku Islands, Macau, and Nagasaki. 1622: The Portuguese are driven from Gamru Port (Bandar Abbas) and Hormuz by Abbas I of Persia, with the help of the British East India Company and the British Royal Navy. Dutch trading caravels at Nagasaki, Japan, in 1543

15. Portuguese Exploration 1549: Tomé de Sousa is sent as the first governor general of Brazil and begins construction of the capital, Salvador. Jesuit missionaries arrive in Brazil. 1565: Founding of Rio de Janeiro. 1567: Governor Mem de Sá and his nephew Estácio de Sá defeat French colonists at France Antarctique and Guanabara Bay. 1580: Portugal and Spain form the Iberian Union. 1615: French colonists are expelled from northern Brazil (France Équinoxiale). 1693: The largest known supply of gold is found in Minas Gerais. Recife Salvador Rio de Janeiro (Guanabara Bay) Tomé de Sousa Mem de Sá Estácio de Sá

16. The Iberian Union and its Possessions (Portugal in blue, Spain in red)

17. Portuguese Missionaries in South America • The Society of Jesus (known as the Jesuits) was founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola. • Jesuit missions were instrumental in pacifying local populations by teaching them Christianity. • In Brazil and Paraguay the Jesuits set up Christian communities called reductions. These placed native people under Church control and protected them from being enslaved by Portuguese colonists. • Important among the Jesuits were Manuel da Nóbrega and José de Anchieta Llarena, who helped found Brazil’s main cities, and Antonio Ruiz de Montoya in Paraguay. Ignatius of Loyola Manuel da Nóbrega José de Anchieta Llarena Antonio Ruizde Montoya’s report on Paraguay

18. Jesuit Missionaries in Asia Missionaries were learned men who studied local languages and compiled dictionaries. • Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit, developed a system for Romanizing the Chinese language. He compiled the first Chinese-Portuguese dictionary with Michele Ruggieri, also an Italian Jesuit. • João Rodrigues, a Portuguese Jesuit, compiled a Japanese-Portuguese dictionary in 1603 and a Japanese grammar book in 1624. • The first Vietnamese-Portuguese dictionary was compiled by Gaspar d'Amiral, while Antonio Barboza compiled the first Portuguese-Vietnamese dictionary. • Other Jesuits in Asia, such as German-born Johann Adam Schall von Bell, contributed to the exchange of science and technology. Matteo Ricci Johann Adam Schall von Bell

19. Portuguese Exploration

20. Portuguese Trade in the Pacific and Indian Oceans Green: Portugal Yellow: Spanish

21. Portuguese Territory, 1521-1557

22. Portuguese-Speaking Countries Today