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Circulatory System

Circulatory System. Structure & Function. Circulatory System includes: Blood & Lymph Both are tissues Move throughout the body Function to maintain homeostasis & give the body immunity. Blood. Hematology – study of blood Body contains 4 to 5 Liters of blood

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Circulatory System

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  1. Circulatory System

  2. Structure & Function Circulatory System includes: Blood & Lymph • Both are tissues • Move throughout the body • Function to maintain homeostasis & give the body immunity

  3. Blood • Hematology – study of blood • Body contains 4 to 5 Liters of blood - makes up about 8% of body’s weight • Functions of blood: - Transports nutrients, oxygen, & hormones - Removes metabolic wastes & carbon dioxide - Provides immunity through antibodies - Maintains body temp & electrolyte balance - Clotting to prevent bleeding from wounds

  4. Blood • Can be divided into solid & liquid portions • Solid parts of blood (formed elements): - Red Blood Cells - White Blood Cells - Platelets (Thrombocytes) • Remaining liquid portion: - Plasma - Buffy coat (mixture of white blood cells & platelets)

  5. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) • More than 25 trillion red blood cells (RBC’s) circulate in the body • Contain a protein called hemoglobin - carries oxygen to all cells - removes carbon dioxide • Each RBC lives 90-120 days - new cells manufactured by red marrow or myeloid tissue in bones - new RBC are made each second (hemopoiesis) - dead RBC’s removed by liver & spleen

  6. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) • Fight disease and infection • Fewer WBC than red blood cells • Larger than red blood cells • Live about 9 days • Move out of the blood vessels as part of immune process • Pus contains WBC mixed with bacteria

  7. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Five types of White Blood Cells: Neutrophils – engulf & digest bacteria in a process called phagocytosis Basophils – contain anticoagulant substance heparin & participate in inflammatory response of body Eosinophils – defend body from allergic reactions & parasitic infections / help remove toxins from blood Lymphocytes – production of antibody & plasma cells & help destroy foreign particles Monocytes – help remove foreign materials & bacteria in process of phagocytosis

  8. Platelets (Thrombocytes) • Smallest blood cells • Produced in red bone marrow • Live about 5 to 9 days • Promote clotting to prevent blood loss • To form a clot: - Platelets combine with prothrombin & calcium to form thrombin - combines with fibrinogen to form gel-like fibrin, which forms the clot

  9. Table 11-1 Formed Elements of Blood

  10. Plasma • Pale yellow liquid left when formed elements are removed from blood • Whole blood is 55% plasma • Plasma is 90% water and approx 10% proteins - proteins help fight infection & assist in clotting • Serum is plasma without clotting proteins - may be used for identification & research of antibodies • Plasma also contains: nutrients, electrolytes, oxygen, enzymes, hormones & waste

  11. Blood Typing • Blood type is inherited characteristic of blood - genes from both parents contribute • Four major blood types: A B AB O • Classified by the presence or absence of antigenic substances on the surface of RBC’s

  12. Blood Typing • Two antigens are A and B A antigen on the RBC = type A blood B antigen on the RBC = type B blood Both A and B antigens = type AB blood Neither are present = type O blood • When an antigen is present on the RBC then the opposite antibody is present in the plasma Type A blood has anti-type-B antibodies Type B blood has anti-type-A antibodies Type AB blood has no antibodies in the plasma Type O blood has both anti-type-A and anti-type-B antibodies in the plasma

  13. Blood Typing AB blood = universal recipient - can receive any type of blood safely because it has no antibodies in the plasma to react with other blood cells O blood = universal donor - can be given safely to a person with any blood type because the blood cells have no antigens to react with antibodies in the plasma of other blood types

  14. Page 165 Table 11-2 Four Major Blood Groups

  15. Blood Typing • Rh factor: An additional antigen on the surface of RBC • If Rh antigen is present then blood is Rh positive A+ B+ AB+ O+ • If Rh antigen is missing then blood is Rh negative A- B- AB- O- • 85% of Americans have Rh-positive blood

  16. Page 207– Table 12-3

  17. Blood Typing • If Rh-positive blood is given to a person with Rh-negative blood, that person’s blood considers the Rh-positive blood a foreign particle and tries to combat it by forming antibodies • A second transfusion of Rh-positive blood can be fatal to an Rh-negative person • Rh factor also becomes important in the Rh negative mother having a second Rh-positive baby

  18. Page 165 / Figure 11-3 When a Rh- mother delivers an Rh+ baby, some of the baby’s blood may contact the blood of the mother. Mother’s blood then forms antibodies against Rh+ red blood cells. If the mother has another Rh+ pregnancy, her antibodies will attack the baby’s blood

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