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STRESS

The nature of stress. More easily recognized than definede.g. father, apartment, perhapsThe conventions for marking stress are: an upper vertical bar before the stressed syllable for primary stress e.g. /'fa:?/ and a lower bar for secondary stress e.g. /f??t?'grfik/Q: How do we identi

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STRESS

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    1. STRESS in simple words

    2. The nature of stress More easily recognized than defined e.g. ´father´, ´apartment´, ´perhaps´ The conventions for marking stress are: an upper vertical bar before the stressed syllable for primary stress e.g. /'fa:đ?/ and a lower bar for secondary stress e.g. /‚f??t?'grćfik/ Q: How do we identify the stressed syllables? A: By choosing the role of either the speaker or listener as each of them focuses attention on different characteristics!

    3. Speaker What does the speaker do in producing the stressed syllable? POINT OF VIEW OF PRODUCTION: the speaker uses more muscular energy in the production of stressed than in the production of unstressed syllables; chest muscles are more active, subglottal pressure higher, etc.

    4. Hearer What characteristics of sounds make a syllable seem to a listener to be stressed? POINT OF VIEW OF PERCEPTION: stressed syllables are more prominent than unstressed syllables.

    5. PROMINENCE depends on 4 factors: Loudness (*) Length (***) Pitch (****) Quality (*)

    6. Loudness (*) Stressed syllables sound louder In a sequence of same syllables the one that is louder will be heard and recognised as stressed It is, however, difficult to change only loudness of a syllable without changing other components of prominence

    7. Length (***) In a sequence of same syllables the one that is made longer will be heard as stressed, e.g. /dadada:dada/

    8. Pitch (****) In speech it is closely related to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds, and to the musical notion of low- and high- pitched notes. It is a perceptual characteristic of speech, and syllable pronounced at a higher pitch than the rest of them will be perceived as stressed /da/ da/da/da/ /da/da/da/

    9. Quality (*) If a syllable contains a vowel that is different in quality from the vowels in surrounding syllables, it will be perceived as stressed: /da:da:dˇ:da:da:/

    10. Note that usually all four factors combine to give us what is known as word stress. So much so that it is in fact difficult to utter the preceding examples, e.g. that of loudness, without involving the other three.

    11. We can examine these factors more objectively The following screenshots are of the WASP (Dept. Of Phonetics, University College London) program for speech analysis.

    12. i TOLD you to go i told YOU to go

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