APUSH UNIT 6

1. APUSH UNIT 6 1865-1898

2. KEY THEMES • Modernization & Laissez-Faire • Immigration vs. Native Born • Grange Movement • Populist Party • The Gilded Age and Robber Barons • Gospel of Wealth (social gospel movement) • The Rise of Political Corruption • Tammany Hall • Labors growth and clash with business • Rise of Jim Crow Segregation • Plessy v. Ferguson

3. Key Terms for Unit 6 • Large Trusts • Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin American Markets • Laissez-Faire Policies • New South • People’s Party (Populist Party) • Americanization • Middle Class • Transcontinental Railroads • Railroads, Mining, Farming, Ranching

4. Key Terms Continued • Social Gospel • Jane Adams • Gilded Age • Social Darwinism • American Indians

5. Promontory Point, UtahMay 10, 1869

6. Time Zones in the US brought about because of needs of RRs for standardized time

7. American farmers in the Midwest most hurt by railroad abuses • Depression in 1870s brings protests • Farmers organized into groups like the Grange Movement and worked with state legislatures to regulate railroads, reducing prices, so railroads sued in Federal Court • 1886 – Wabash v. Illinois • Supreme Court ruled that states could not regulate interstate (between states) commerce

8. 1887 – Interstate Commerce Act passed by Congress {pushed after Wabash case} • Prohibited rebates and pools • Required railroads to publish rates openly • Stopped discrimination against shippers • Can’t charge more for short than long hauls • Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) set up to enforce the law • 1st time Fed Government attempts to regulate a portion of the economy

9. President Grant---------Administration deals with 4 major corruption scandals1. Gold Market2. Railroads3. Whiskey Ring4. Indian Lands

10. Corruption not limited to Federal Government---------------Boss Tweed is finally stopped by 1871 N.Y. Times investigation

11. Panic of 1873 Caused by over-expansion of railroads, mines, factories, farms & fueled by bad loans Economy collapsed leading to bank runs Led to depression that lasted for 4 years The other issue was the greenbacks and it would ultimately lead to the Silver/Gold movement

12. 1877 Reconstruction ends and Republicans abandoned blacks in South Civil Rights Act of 1875 Guaranteed equal accommodations in public places but passed without enforcement measures Civil Rights Cases (1883) Supreme Court declared Act unconstitutional 14th Amendment prohibited governmental discrimination not private discrimination

13. Civil War Pensions and Pensioners, 1866–1917

14. Cleveland believed government should keep its hands off business affairs (laissez-faire) • “Though the people support the government, the government should not support the people.” (Cleveland) • He would veto many Civil War pension bills • He is the only Democratic President between 1860 and 1912.

15. Andrew Carnegie was king of steel: Scottish immigrant who rose from poverty to wealth and then gave almost all awayGospel of Wealth

16. Combining into 1 organization all phases of manufacturing.Provided manufacturers with more reliable supplies, more control over quality, and eliminated middlemen’s fees

17. Bessemer Process

19. Jay Gould-Stock Manipulations

20. J. P. MorganWorld’s Leading Banker

21. John D. RockefellerOrganizes Standard Oil Company to dominate the oil industry

22. What a Puny Little Government

23. Who is “strong” and who is “weak”?

24. POPULATION GROWTH Massive immigration in 1880s and 1890s includes large Chinese immigration bringing laws to exclude Immigrants flood cities leading to the power of political machines and corruption at all levels of government

25. Welcome?

26. The Shift to the CityThe % of population living in cities doubles from 1860 to 1900

27. The Urban Slum: Jacob Riis

28. Lower East Side New York City

29. A School in New York, 1886

30. Looking Backward

31. Bad $ Times bring Discontent • 1892 – People’s Party (Populists) emerged • Grew out of Farmers’ Alliance and they want: • unlimited coinage of silver (16 to 1 ratio) “inflation” • Graduated income tax (progressive tax) • Gov’t ownership of railroads, telegraph and telephone • Direct election of US senators • 1-term limit for president • Adoption of initiative and referendum procedures • Shorter workday • Immigration restriction

32. Populist Support in the West Election of 1892

33. Depression of 1893 (Panic) • Lasted for 4 years • Worst of 1800s : Causes included: • Overbuilding and speculation • Problems with workers and strikes • Agricultural depression Effect of depression was collapse of businesses and failure of banks GOV’T BELIEVED IN LAZZIE FAIRE SO WOULD NOT INTERFERE OR HELP BUSINESS

35. Educational Spending in the South 1890 – 1910 following the Plessy decision

36. Lynching and violence used to deny rights

37. Indian Land Losses, 1850 – 2000

38. 1893 – Frederick Jackson Turner’s essay, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” • Frontier acted as a “safety valve”, allowing immigrants and poor in cities to move west and prosper, instead of staying in cities and spreading discontent (strikes, socialism, rebellion, etc.) as the poor did in Europe . • Not all historians accept this “safety value” theory

39. Grangers get states to help them • Farmers and the 4 D’s • (Debt, Drought, Deflation, Depression) • State laws passed to regulate R.R. rates and fees from grain elevators and warehouses • State laws overturned by Supreme Court • Wabash v. Illinois (1886) – states had no power to regulate interstate commerce; only Congress could do that • Grange movement faded as laws stricken

40. “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.”