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Energy in a Cell

Energy in a Cell. Chapter 9. Goals. How cells get energy Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration. ATP. Adenosine Tri phosphate Energy = ATP Made up of: Adenosine Ribose – sugar 3 – phosphates – positively charged particles. ATP.

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Energy in a Cell

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  1. Energy in a Cell Chapter 9

  2. Goals • How cells get energy • Photosynthesis • Cellular Respiration

  3. ATP • Adenosine Triphosphate • Energy = ATP • Made up of: • Adenosine • Ribose – sugar • 3 – phosphates – positively charged particles

  4. ATP • Energy of ATP is stored in the bonds between the phosphates • Phosphate bonds break = energy is released • ADP

  5. ADP • Adenosine Diphosphate • Made of • Adenosine • Ribose • 2 phosphates

  6. Forming & breaking down ATP • Adenosine – P = little energy • Adenosine – P – P = more energy • Adenosine – P – P – P = Tremendous Energy

  7. Cells need energy for: • Making new molecules = Enzymes • Maintain Homeostasis • Break down food molecules • Send Nerve Impulses • Reproduction • Movement = Cilia & Flagella

  8. 9.2 Photosynthesis • Plants trapping sunlight energy to make sugar/glucose • Converting sunlight energy to chemical energy

  9. Photosynthesis • 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sun → C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Takes place in Chloroplast

  10. Chloroplast

  11. Chloroplast • Chlorophyll – Pigment that absorbs specific wavelengths of sunlight • Chlorophyll a & b absorb all wavelengths of sunlight except • Pigments – molecules that absorb specific wavelengths

  12. 2 phases of Photosynthesis • Light – dependent rxn - Energy to make glucose 2. Light – independent rxn - Make glucose

  13. Light – Dependent Rxn • Converts sunlight energy into chemical energy

  14. Light – Dependent Rxn • How does it work? • Sunlight energy excites electrons in the chlorophyll • Excited electrons pass from chlorophyll to Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

  15. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • Series of proteins in the thylakoid membrane • Each step of ETC small amounts of energy are lost • Energy lost used to make ATP from ADP & pump H+ ions back to thylakoid membrane

  16. ETC • Electrons move down ETC then transferred to Stroma where NADP+ accepts the electron • NADP+ - Nicatinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

  17. NADP+ • Electron carrier molecule • Becomes NADPH when it accepts electrons (end of ETC)

  18. NADPH • Provides energy to form carbohydrates or glucose • Photolysis – Splitting of water to replace electrons = oxygen we breathe

  19. ETC

  20. Chloroplast

  21. Light Independent RXN • Also known as Calvin Cycle • Does not require sunlight

  22. Calvin Cycle • Series of rxns that use CO2 to build carbohydrates or glucose • Takes place in stroma of chloroplasts

  23. Calvin Cycle • Carbon fixation – 1 carbon atom from CO2 is added to a 5 carbon sugar • 6 carbon sugar from #1 splits in two molecules of PGA (phosphoglyceric acid) • Several rxns take place = 2 molecules PGAL form by using ATP & NADPH from light rxn

  24. Calvin Cycle • Several cycles = 2 PGAL leave to form Glucose • Some PGAL reform 5 carbon sugar that we started with - Ready for a new Calvin Cycle to start

  25. 9.3 Cellular Respiration • Process which mitochondria breaks down food to produce ATP • C6H12O6 + 6O2→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy • Takes place in Mitochondria

  26. 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration • Anaerobic – without O2 • Glycolysis – series of rxns that breakdown glucose (6 carbon) into 2 molecules of Pyruvic acid (3 carbon)

  27. Glycolysis • Takes place in cytoplasm of cell • 2 ATP used to start • 4 ATP produces • Net gain = 2 ATP • NAD+ electron carrier molecule

  28. 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration • Aerobic – with O2 • Citric acid cycle – (Krebs cycle) • Series of rxns breakdown carbohydrates or glucose • Opposite of Calvin cycle • 2 ATP produced • 3 NADH + H+ produced = 1 NADH = 3 ATP • 2FADH produced = 1 FADH = 2 ATP • 2 CO2 produced

  29. 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration • Aerobic • ETC • Takes place in Mitochondria • NADH & FADH pass electrons along releasing small amounts of energy • Pump H+ back to center of mitochondria • Final electron acceptor = O2 • Without O2 chain becomes blocked • 32 ATP produced

  30. ETC – cellular respiration

  31. Fermentation • Without O2 • Allows our cells to continue to make ATP w/o O2 after glycolysis for a short period of time

  32. Fermentation • Lactic acid – 2 lactic acid molecules are byproducts of producing just 2 ATP • Occurs in muscle cells

  33. Fermentation • Alcoholic – ethyl alcohol is formed as a byproduct to produce 2 ATP • Occurs in yeast cells and bacteria

  34. Comparing ATP production

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